In both plants and animals, defense against pathogens relies on a complex surveillance system for signs of danger. Danger signals may originate from the infectious agent or from the host itself. Immunogenic plant host factors can be roughly divided into two categories: molecules which are passively released upon cell damage (‘classical’ damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), and peptides which are processed and/or secreted upon infection to modulate the immune response (phytocytokines). We highlight the ongoing challenge to understand how plants sense various danger signals and integrate this information to produce an appropriate immune response to diverse challenges.

在动植物中，对病原体的防御都依赖于复杂的监视系统来发现危险迹象。危险信号可能来自传染原或宿主本身。免疫原性植物宿主因子可大致分为两类：在细胞损伤后被动释放的分子（“经典”损伤相关分子模式，DAMP），以及在感染后加工和/或分泌以调节免疫反应的肽（植物细胞因子）。我们强调了当前面临的挑战，以了解植物如何感知各种危险信号并整合这些信息，以对各种挑战产生适当的免疫反应。