This study is a re-assessment of basidiolichen diversity in the Galapagos Islands. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis, based on 92 specimens from Galapagos, using two nuclear ribosomal DNA markers (ITS and nuLSU). We also re-examined the morphology and anatomy of all sequenced material. The molecular results confirm our previous assessment that all Galapagos basidiolichens belong to the Dictyonema clade, which in Galapagos is represented by four genera: Acantholichen, Cora, Cyphellostereum, and Dictyonema. Most species previously reported from Galapagos in these genera were at the time believed to represent widely distributed taxa. This conclusion, however, has changed with the inclusion of molecular data. Although almost the same number of species is distinguished, the phylogenetic data now suggest that all are restricted to the Galapagos Islands. Among them, six species are proposed here as new to science, namely Cora galapagoensis, Cyphellostereum unoquinoum, Dictyonema barbatum, D. darwinianum, D. ramificans, and D. subobscuratum; and four species have already been described previously, namely Acantholichen galapagoensis, Cora santacruzensis, Dictyonema pectinatum, and D. galapagoense, here recombined as Cyphellostereum galapagoense. Our analysis is set on a very broad phylogenetic framework, which includes a large number of specimens (N = 826) mainly from Central and South America, and therefore strongly suggests an unusually high level of endemism previously not recognized. This analysis also shows that the closest relatives of half of the basidiolichens now found in Galapagos are from mainland Ecuador, implying that they reached the islands through the shortest route, with all species arriving on the islands through independent colonization events.

中文翻译：

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加拉帕戈斯basidiolichens中的地方性高水平

这项研究是对加拉帕戈斯群岛中basidiolichen多样性的重新评估。我们基于来自加拉帕戈斯群岛的92个标本，使用两个核糖体DNA标记（ITS和nuLSU），提供了分子系统发育分析。我们还重新检查了所有测序材料的形态和解剖结构。分子结果证实了我们之前的评估，所有加拉帕戈斯basidiolichens属于Dictyonema分支，这在加拉帕戈斯由四个属表示：Acantholichen，科拉，Cyphellostereum和Dictyonema。这些属以前从加拉帕戈斯群岛报道的大多数物种当时被认为代表了广泛分布的分类单元。然而，随着分子数据的加入，这一结论发生了变化。尽管区分了几乎相同数量的物种，但系统发育数据现在表明，所有物种都限于加拉帕戈斯群岛。其中有6种在这里提出了新的科学，即科拉galapagoensis，Cyphellostereum unoquinoum，Dictyonema barbatum，D. darwinianum，D. ramificans和D. subobscuratum ; 先前已经描述了四个物种，即Acantholichen galapagoensis，Cora santacruzensis，Dictyonema pectinatum和D. galapagoense在这里重组为Cyphellostereum galapagoense。我们的分析建立在非常广泛的系统发育框架上，其中包括大量主要来自中美洲和南美洲的标本（N = 826），因此有力地表明以前没有认识到异常高水平的地方病。该分析还表明，现在在加拉帕戈斯群岛发现的一半basidiolichens的近亲来自厄瓜多尔大陆，这意味着它们是通过最短路径到达岛屿的，所有物种都是通过独立的殖民事件到达岛屿的。