Cancer biology can be better understood by drawing upon methods and concepts from evolutionary genetics. Cancer progression proceeds through somatic evolution, being driven by selection on clonal lineages via the differential survival and proliferation of cell lines. This within-patient evolution can be modeled and analyzed using population genetic and phylogenetic tools to identify mutations and genotypes that are under directional selection during tumor growth, spatial differentiation, and metastasis. Evolutionary genetics can also explain the persistence of cancer within populations. A minority of cancers are associated with inherited risk alleles, which are maintained in populations through genetic drift or antagonistic pleiotropy. Finally, cancer biology can be understood from a macroevolutionary perspective as a case study of evolutionary cooperation and conflict between different levels of biological organization.

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癌症生物学的进化遗传视角

通过利用进化遗传学的方法和概念，可以更好地理解癌症生物学。癌症进展通过体细胞进化进行，通过细胞系的差异存活和增殖对克隆谱系进行选择驱动。可以使用群体遗传和系统发育工具对这种患者内部的进化进行建模和分析，以识别在肿瘤生长、空间分化和转移过程中处于定向选择下的突变和基因型。进化遗传学也可以解释癌症在人群中的持续存在。少数癌症与遗传风险等位基因有关，这些基因通过遗传漂变或拮抗多效性在人群中得以维持。最后，