Faithful translation of mRNA into the corresponding polypeptide is a complex multistep process, requiring accurate amino acid selection, transfer RNA (tRNA) charging and mRNA decoding on the ribosome. Key players in this process are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which not only catalyse the attachment of cognate amino acids to their respective tRNAs, but also selectively hydrolyse incorrectly activated non-cognate amino acids and/or misaminoacylated tRNAs. This aaRS proofreading provides quality control checkpoints that exclude non-cognate amino acids during translation, and in so doing helps to prevent the formation of an aberrant proteome. However, despite the intrinsic need for high accuracy during translation, and the widespread evolutionary conservation of aaRS proofreading pathways, requirements for translation quality control vary depending on cellular physiology and changes in growth conditions, and translation errors are not always detrimental. Recent work has demonstrated that mistranslation can also be beneficial to cells, and some organisms have selected for a higher degree of mistranslation than others. The aims of this Review Article are to summarize the known mechanisms of protein translational fidelity and explore the diversity and impact of mistranslation events as a potentially beneficial response to environmental and cellular stress.

中文翻译：

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细胞对压力的反应中的翻译保真度和翻译错误。

将mRNA忠实地翻译成相应的多肽是一个复杂的多步骤过程，需要准确的氨基酸选择，转移RNA（tRNA）电荷和核糖体上的mRNA解码。该过程中的关键角色是氨酰基-tRNA合成酶（aaRSs），它不仅催化同源氨基酸附着于其各自的tRNA，而且还选择性地水解错误激活的非同源氨基酸和/或被氨基氨基酰化的tRNA。这种aaRS校对提供了翻译过程中排除非同源氨基酸的质量控制检查点，因此有助于防止异常蛋白质组的形成。但是，尽管在翻译过程中对准确性的内在需求以及aaRS校对途径的广泛进化保存，翻译质量控制的要求因细胞生理和生长条件的变化而异，并且翻译错误并不总是有害的。最近的工作表明，翻译错误也可能对细胞有益，而且某些生物选择的翻译错误程度要高于其他生物。本文的目的是总结蛋白质翻译保真度的已知机制，并探讨错误翻译事件的多样性和影响，作为对环境和细胞应激的潜在有益反应。