Using physical force to translocate macromolecules across a membrane has the advantage of being a universal solution independent of the properties of the target membrane. However, physically punching a stiff membrane is not a trivial task and three things are necessary for success: a sharp tip, a source of energy, and the ability to strongly bind to the target. In this review we describe the basic mechanism of membrane puncturing by contractile nanomachines with a focus on the T4 phage, R-type pyocin, and the bacterial Type VI secretion system (T6SS) based on recent studies of the structures and dynamics of their assembly.

中文翻译：

---

用力冲孔：可收缩纳米机的力学

使用物理力使大分子跨膜移位具有以下优点：它是一种通用解决方案，与目标膜的特性无关。但是，对坚硬的膜片进行物理穿孔并不是一件容易的事，成功需要三件事：尖的尖端，能量的来源以及与目标牢固结合的能力。在这篇综述中，我们基于对结构和组装动力学的最新研究，描述了收缩性纳米机器对膜的穿刺的基本机制，重点是T4噬菌体，R型脓菌素和细菌VI型分泌系统（T6SS）。