Abstract On-surface synthesis is the bottom-up construction of covalent bonds between molecular building blocks, which has been greatly developed during the past decade. Dozens of reactions have been successfully realized and scrutinized on various surfaces with the help of surface science techniques combined with theoretical calculations. Functional nanoarchitectures such as one-dimensional nanowires, nanoribbons and two-dimensional nanonetworks have been constructed on surfaces and explored in several potential applications. In fact, the generation of multilevel nanostructures will play a key role in future soft nanoscience and technologies due to their emergent properties ranging far beyond those of the individual molecules building them up. In this review, we discuss selected examples of important processes in on-surface synthesis developed in recent years and summarize them under the following aspects: (1) on-surface reactions in a category of different carbon types; (2) techniques applied in on-surface synthesis; (3) on-surface synthesized functional nanostructures; and (4) potential applications of on-surface synthesized nano-materials. The review concludes with a perspective of the future development of on-surface synthesis.

中文翻译：

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表面合成的前沿：从原理到应用

摘要 表面合成是分子结构单元之间共价键自下而上的构建，在过去十年中得到了很大的发展。在表面科学技术与理论计算相结合的帮助下，已经在各种表面上成功实现和仔细研究了数十种反应。一维纳米线、纳米带和二维纳米网络等功能性纳米结构已经构建在表面上，并在几个潜在的应用中进行了探索。事实上，多层次纳米结构的产生将在未来的软纳米科学和技术中发挥关键作用，因为它们的新兴特性远远超出了构建它们的单个分子的特性。在这次审查中，我们讨论了近年来发展起来的表面合成中重要过程的一些例子，并在以下几个方面进行了总结：（1）不同碳类型类别中的表面反应；(2) 应用于表面合成的技术；(3) 表面合成功能纳米结构；(4) 表面合成纳米材料的潜在应用。综述最后展望了表面合成的未来发展。