Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with inorganic intercalation compounds as electrode active materials have become an indispensable part of human life. However, the rapid increase in their annual production raises concerns about limited mineral reserves and related environmental issues. Therefore, organic electrode materials (OEMs) for rechargeable batteries have once again come into the focus of researchers because of their design flexibility, sustainability, and environmental compatibility. Compared with conventional inorganic cathode materials for Li ion batteries, OEMs possess some unique characteristics including flexible molecular structure, weak intermolecular interaction, being highly soluble in electrolytes, and moderate electrochemical potentials. These unique characteristics make OEMs suitable for applications in multivalent ion batteries, low-temperature batteries, redox flow batteries, and decoupled water electrolysis. Specifically, the flexible molecular structure and weak intermolecular interaction of OEMs make multivalent ions easily accessible to the redox sites of OEMs and facilitate the desolvation process on the redox site, thus improving the low-temperature performance, while the highly soluble nature enables OEMs as redox couples for aqueous redox flow batteries. Finally, the moderate electrochemical potential and reversible proton storage and release of OEMs make them suitable as redox mediators for water electrolysis. Over the past ten years, although various new OEMs have been developed for Li-organic batteries, Na-organic batteries, Zn-organic batteries, and other battery systems, batteries with OEMs still face many challenges, such as poor cycle stability, inferior energy density, and limited rate capability. Therefore, previous reviews of OEMs mainly focused on organic molecular design for organic batteries or strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of OEMs. A comprehensive review to explore the characteristics of OEMs and establish the correlation between these characteristics and their specific application in energy storage and conversion is still lacking.

中文翻译：

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用于能量存储和转换的有机电极材料：机理、特性和应用


以无机插层化合物为电极活性材料的锂离子电池（LIB）已成为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分。然而，其年产量的快速增长引起了人们对有限矿产储量和相关环境问题的担忧。因此，用于可充电电池的有机电极材料（OEM）因其设计灵活性、可持续性和环境兼容性再次成为研究人员的关注焦点。与传统的锂离子电池无机正极材料相比，OEMs具有一些独特的特性，包括灵活的分子结构、弱的分子间相互作用、在电解质中高度溶解以及适中的电化学电位。这些独特的特性使 OEM 适合多价离子电池、低温电池、氧化还原液流电池和解耦水电解等应用。具体来说，OEMs灵活的分子结构和弱的分子间相互作用使得多价离子很容易接近OEMs的氧化还原位点，并有利于氧化还原位点上的去溶剂化过程，从而提高低温性能，而高溶解性使得OEMs能够作为氧化还原剂水系氧化还原液流电池的耦合。最后，OEM 的适度电化学势和可逆质子存储和释放使其适合作为水电解的氧化还原介体。近十年来，虽然锂有机电池、钠有机电池、锌有机电池等电池系统不断开发出各种新型OEM，但OEM电池仍面临循环稳定性差、能量劣等诸多挑战。密度和有限的速率能力。 因此，之前对OEM的评论主要集中在有机电池的有机分子设计或提高OEM电化学性能的策略上。目前仍缺乏全面的综述来探索原始设备制造商的特征并建立这些特征与其在能量存储和转换方面的具体应用之间的相关性。