The review is devoted to the analysis of the strategies used for the design and preparation of zeolite-encapsulated subnanometric metal clusters. Nowadays this topic is often considered as one of the most rapidly developing in heterogeneous catalysis. On the one hand, it is due to the great fundamental interest to the structure and properties of such materials and, on the other hand, it is related to their unique catalytic properties and great perspectives for their application in a number of important heterogeneous catalytic reactions aimed at the conversion of non-conventional feedstocks and building a low-carbon (decarbonized) economy. The application of metal-containing zeolites allows the challenges related to the development of novel tandem processes, which require simultaneous proceeding of several catalytic reactions over one catalyst, to be addressed. The coupling of zeolites and metals in a single catalyst allows for fine-tuning the properties of tandem catalysts both by engineering the nature, state and localization of the metal active sites, and by mastering the unique porous structure of the zeolites with active sites of different nature. The contribution presents the methodological aspects of the synthesis of the described systems, highlighting their advantages, limitations and problems related to their applications. In particular, both novel methods of metal encapsulation and conventional ones known for decades are analyzed and systematized. Special attention is paid to the conditions under which simple conventional methods allow the encapsulation of nanoclusters in zeolite. As a result, the recommendations on the most preferable approaches for obtaining specific zeolite–metal combinations are given and promising directions for the development of synthesis methods are highlighted.

中文翻译：

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合成沸石封装的亚纳米金属簇的最先进策略

该综述致力于分析用于设计和制备沸石封装的亚纳米金属簇的策略。如今，该主题通常被认为是多相催化中发展最快的主题之一。一方面是由于人们对此类材料的结构和性能产生了巨大的根本兴趣，另一方面也与它们独特的催化性能及其在许多重要的多相催化反应中的应用前景有关。旨在转化非常规原料并建设低碳（脱碳）经济。含金属沸石的应用可以解决与开发新型串联工艺相关的挑战，该工艺需要在一种催化剂上同时进行多个催化反应。沸石和金属在单一催化剂中的偶联可以通过设计金属活性位点的性质、状态和定位，以及通过掌握具有不同活性位点的沸石的独特多孔结构来微调串联催化剂的性能。自然。该贡献介绍了所描述系统的综合方法学方面，强调了它们的优点、局限性以及与其应用相关的问题。特别是，对金属封装的新颖方法和几十年来已知的传统方法进行了分析和系统化。特别关注简单的常规方法允许将纳米团簇封装在沸石中的条件。因此，给出了获得特定沸石-金属组合的最佳方法的建议，并强调了合成方法开发的有希望的方向。