Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used extensively as flame retardants and plasticizers. Laboratory studies have shown that OPEs exhibit osteotoxicity by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation; however, little is known about how OPEs exposure is associated with bone health in humans. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association between OPEs exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults in the United States using data from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between concentrations of individual OPE metabolites and BMDs. We also used the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) models to estimate joint associations between OPE mixture exposure and BMDs. All the analyses were stratified according to gender. A total of 3546 participants (median age, 40 years [IQR, 30–50 years]; 50.11% male) were included in this study. Five urinary OPE metabolites with a detection rate of > 50% were analyzed. After adjusting for the potential confounders, OPE metabolite concentrations were associated with decreased total-body BMD and lumbar spine BMD in males, although some associations only reached significance for bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBUP), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) (β = −0.013, 95% CI: −0.026, −0.001 for BCPP and total-body BMD; β = −0.022, 95% CI: −0.043, −0.0001 for DBUP and lumbar spine BMD; β=-0.018, 95% CI: −0.034, −0.002 for BCEP and lumbar spine BMD). OPE mixture exposure was also inversely associated with BMD in males, as demonstrated in the BMKR and qgcomp models. This study provides preliminary evidence that urinary OPE metabolite concentrations are inversely associated with BMD. The results also suggested that males were more vulnerable than females. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.

中文翻译：

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有机磷酸酯与美国成人骨矿物质密度之间的关联：2011-2018 年 NHANES


有机磷酸酯（OPE）广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂。实验室研究表明，OPE 通过抑制成骨细胞分化而表现出骨毒性；然而，人们对 OPE 暴露与人类骨骼健康之间的关系知之甚少。我们利用 2011-2018 年国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 的数据进行了一项横断面研究，旨在调查美国成年人 OPE 暴露与骨矿物质密度 (BMD) 之间的关联。使用多元线性回归模型评估单个 OPE 代谢物浓度与 BMD 之间的关联。我们还使用贝叶斯核机器回归 (BKMR) 和分位数 g 计算 (qgcomp) 模型来估计 OPE 混合物暴露与 BMD 之间的联合关联。所有分析均按性别分层。本研究共有 3546 名参与者（中位年龄 40 岁 [IQR，30-50 岁]；50.11% 为男性）。分析了检出率 > 50% 的五种尿液 OPE 代谢物。调整潜在的混杂因素后，OPE 代谢物浓度与男性全身 BMD 和腰椎 BMD 降低相关，尽管某些关联仅对磷酸双（1-氯-2-丙基）酯 (BCPP)、磷酸二丁酯 (BCPP) 达到显着性。 DBUP）和双（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（BCEP）（对于 BCPP 和全身 BMD，β = -0.013，95% CI：-0.026，-0.001；β = -0.022，95% CI：-0.043，- DBUP 和腰椎 BMD 为 0.0001；β=-0.018，95% CI：-0.034，BCEP 和腰椎 BMD 为 -0.002。正如 BMKR 和 qgcomp 模型所证明的那样，OPE 混合物暴露也与男性 BMD 呈负相关。 这项研究提供了初步证据，证明尿 OPE 代谢物浓度与 BMD 呈负相关。研究结果还表明，男性比女性更容易受到伤害。然而，需要进一步的研究来证实这些发现。