Ionizing radiation (mainly including gamma ray and electron beam) technology provides a more efficient and ecological option for dye-containing wastewater treatment, which is supported by its successful achievements in industrial-scale applications. However, the degradation pathway of triphenylmethane dyes by radiation technology is still unclear. In this study, crystal violet (CV) was selected as representative cationic triphenylmethane dye, the decolorization and degradation performance by electron beam radiation technology was systematically evaluated. The results showed that CV can be efficiently decolorized and mineralized by radiation, and its degradation kinetics followed the first-order kinetic model. The effect of inorganic anions and chelating agents commonly existed in dye-containing wastewater on CV decolorization and total organic carbon (TOC) removal was explored. Quenching experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculation and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis were employed to reveal CV decolorization and degradation mechanism and pathway, which mainly included N-demethylation, triphenylmethane chromophore cleavage, ring-opening of aromatic products and further oxidation to carboxylic acid, and mineralization to CO and HO. Additionally, electron beam radiation/PMS process was explored to decrease the absorbed dose required for decolorization and degradation, and the synergetic effect of radiation with PMS was elucidated. More importantly, the findings of this study would provide the support for treating actual dyeing wastewater by electron beam radiation technology.

中文翻译：

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电子束辐射对结晶紫染料的脱色和降解：性能、降解途径以及与过一硫酸盐的协同效应

电离辐射（主要包括伽马射线和电子束）技术为含染料废水处理提供了更高效、更生态的选择，其工业规模应用的成功成果也为这一技术提供了支持。然而，辐射技术降解三苯甲烷染料的途径仍不清楚。本研究选择结晶紫（CV）作为代表性阳离子三苯甲烷染料，系统评价了电子束辐射技术的脱色和降解性能。结果表明，CV可以通过辐射高效脱色和矿化，其降解动力学遵循一级动力学模型。探讨了含染料废水中常见的无机阴离子和螯合剂对CV脱色和总有机碳（TOC）去除的影响。采用猝灭实验、密度泛函理论（DFT）计算和高效液相色谱质谱（HPLC-MS）分析揭示了CV脱色降解机制和途径，主要包括N-去甲基化、三苯甲烷发色团裂解、开环等。芳香产物并进一步氧化成羧酸，并矿化成CO和H2O。此外，还探索了电子束辐射/PMS工艺来降低脱色和降解所需的吸收剂量，并阐明了辐射与PMS的协同效应。更重要的是，本研究结果将为电子束辐射技术处理实际印染废水提供支持。