Sweet cherry ( L.) is a fruit tree in the family grown worldwide for its tasty fruit. However, its yield may be threatened in warmer growing regions by insufficient dormancy, which usually occurs in late-blooming genotypes. Conversely, in cold regions, the yield is threatened by late spring frosts, especially for early flowering cultivars. It is therefore necessary to breed cultivars adapted to local weather conditions and avoid potential crop losses. New markers associated with the beginning of flowering were sought to enable molecular marker-assisted selection of genotypes tailored for different climatic conditions. Previously whole-genome sequenced 298 sweet cherry genotypes with nine years of phenotypic evaluation provided the basis for a genome-wide association study that allowed the identification of 163 single nucleotide polymorphisms and indels associated with flowering time, located on all sweet cherry chromosomes. This study confirmed the previously predicted polygenic basis of the trait. Three markers suitable for selection of late-blooming genotypes and one for early-blooming genotypes were selected and validated using independent 128 sweet cherry hybrids from different crossings. Individual markers for late beginning of flowering were able to select genotypes flowering at least three days after the reference (i.e. the earliest flowering) cultivar 'Kišiněvskaja'. Accumulation of preferred allele combinations for all three late-blooming markers has a synergistic effect, indicating delay of flowering 7.1 days after the reference cultivar on average. The marker for early beginning of flowering identified accessions flowering maximally five days after the earliest flowering reference cultivar 'Kišiněvskaja'. All four markers were integrated into a single base extension assay to help breeders with prediction of beginning of flowering for their breeding materials and cultivars.

中文翻译：

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甜樱桃开花时间选择的新标记

甜樱桃（L.）是世界各地种植的果树科果树，其果实美味。然而，在较温暖的生长地区，其产量可能会因休眠不足而受到威胁，这通常发生在晚花基因型中。相反，在寒冷地区，产量受到晚春霜冻的威胁，尤其是早花品种。因此，有必要培育适应当地天气条件的品种，避免潜在的农作物损失。寻找与开花开始相关的新标记，以实现分子标记辅助选择适合不同气候条件的基因型。此前对 298 个甜樱桃基因型进行了全基因组测序，并进行了 9 年的表型评估，为全基因组关联研究提供了基础，该研究可以鉴定位于所有甜樱桃染色体上的 163 个与开花时间相关的单核苷酸多态性和插入缺失。这项研究证实了先前预测的该性状的多基因基础。使用来自不同杂交的独立 128 个甜樱桃杂交种选择并验证了三个适合选择晚花基因型的标记和一个适合早花基因型的标记。开花晚开始的个体标记能够选择在参考（即最早开花）品种“Kišiněvskaja”后至少三天开花的基因型。所有三个晚花标记的首选等位基因组合的积累具有协同效应，表明开花平均比参考品种晚 7.1 天。早期开花的标记识别出在最早开花参考品种“Kišiněvskaja”之后最多五天开花的种质。所有四个标记都被整合到单碱基延伸测定中，以帮助育种者预测其育种材料和品种的开花开始。