Electroencephalographic (EEG) deficits in slow wave activity or Delta power (0.5–4 Hz) indicate disturbed sleep homeostasis and are hallmarks of depression. Sleep homeostasis is linked to restorative sleep and potential antidepressant response via non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow wave sleep (SWS) during which neurons undergo essential repair and rejuvenation. Decreased Low Delta power (0.5–2 Hz) was previously reported in individuals with depression. This study investigated power levels in the Low Delta (0.5-<2 Hz), High Delta (2–4 Hz), and Total Delta (0.5–4 Hz) bands and their association with age, sex, and disrupted sleep in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the nightly progressions of Total Delta, Low Delta, and High Delta in 100 individuals with TRD and 24 healthy volunteers (HVs). Polysomnographic parameters were also examined, including Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Efficiency (SE), and Wake after Sleep Onset (WASO). Individuals with TRD had lower Delta power during the first NREM episode (NREM1) than HVs. The deficiency was observed in the Low Delta band versus High Delta. Females with TRD had higher Delta power than males during the first NREM1 episode, with the most noticeable sex difference observed in Low Delta. In individuals with TRD, Low Delta power correlated with WASO and SE, and High Delta correlated with WASO. Low Delta power deficits in NREM1 were observed in older males with TRD, but not females. These results provide compelling evidence for a link between age, sex, Low Delta power, sleep homeostasis, and non-restorative sleep in TRD.

中文翻译：

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睡眠德尔塔功率、年龄和性别对难治性抑郁症的影响


脑电图 (EEG) 慢波活动或 Delta 功率 (0.5–4 Hz) 缺陷表明睡眠稳态受到干扰，是抑郁症的标志。睡眠稳态与恢复性睡眠和通过非快速眼动 (NREM) 慢波睡眠 (SWS) 产生的潜在抗抑郁反应有关，在此期间神经元进行必要的修复和恢复活力。此前曾报道抑郁症患者的低 Delta 功率降低（0.5–2 Hz）。这项研究调查了低 Delta (0.5-<2 Hz)、高 Delta (2–4 Hz) 和总 Delta (0.5–4 Hz) 频段的功率水平及其与年龄、性别和治疗中睡眠中断的关系。抵抗性抑郁症（TRD）。 Mann-Whitney U 测试用于比较 100 名 TRD 患者和 24 名健康志愿者 (HV) 的夜间总 Delta、低 Delta 和高 Delta 进展情况。还检查了多导睡眠图参数，包括总睡眠时间 (TST)、睡眠效率 (SE) 和入睡后唤醒 (WASO)。患有 TRD 的个体在第一次 NREM 发作 (NREM1) 期间的 Delta 功率低于 HV。与高 Delta 频段相比，在低 Delta 频段中观察到了这一缺陷。在第一次 NREM1 发作期间，患有 TRD 的女性比男性具有更高的 Delta 功率，在低 Delta 中观察到最明显的性别差异。在患有 TRD 的个体中，低 Delta 功率与 WASO 和 SE 相关，而高 Delta 功率与 WASO 相关。在患有 TRD 的老年男性中观察到 NREM1 的低 Delta 功率缺陷，但在女性中则没有。这些结果为 TRD 中年龄、性别、低 Delta 功率、睡眠稳态和非恢复性睡眠之间的联系提供了令人信服的证据。