Arctium lappa L. is widely consumed for its various biological effects, and polysaccharides are its main functional components. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunoregulatory effects of the main polysaccharides from burdock (ALP-1) and reveal the underlying mechanisms. ALP-1 consisted of fructose and glucose (14.57:1) and had a molecular weight of 2757 Da, with typical characteristics of (1 → 2)-linked linear fructans. Oral intake of ALP-1 significantly increased the number of colonic goblet cells, serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G levels, and fecal secretory immunoglobulin A content as well as up-regulated antioxidant enzymes and increased short chain fatty acid production. In addition, ALP-1 administration regulated pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and IL-10), intestinal microbiota structure, and the spatial information on key metabolites. Some gut-microbiota-mediated metabolic processes were also significantly altered. These results indicated that ALP-1 could exert beneficial effects on immune responses and intestinal health in healthy mice.

中文翻译：

---

基于微生物组和代谢组学技术的牛蒡果聚糖免疫反应调节综合机制

牛蒡子​因其多种生物功效而被广泛食用，而多糖是其主要功能成分。本研究旨在评估牛蒡主要多糖（ALP-1）的免疫调节作用并揭示其潜在机制。 ALP-1由果糖和葡萄糖（14.57:1）组成，分子量为2757 Da，具有（1→2）连接的直链果聚糖的典型特征。口服ALP-1显着增加结肠杯状细胞的数量、血清免疫球蛋白A和免疫球蛋白G的水平以及粪便分泌性免疫球蛋白A的含量，并上调抗氧化酶和增加短链脂肪酸的产生。此外，ALP-1 的施用可调节促炎/抗炎细胞因子（即白细胞介素 (IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α、干扰素-γ 和 IL-10）、肠道微生物群结构和关键代谢物的空间信息。一些肠道微生物介导的代谢过程也发生了显着改变。这些结果表明 ALP-1 可以对健康小鼠的免疫反应和肠道健康产生有益的影响。