Ammonia is considered an excellent hydrogen storage medium, and its synthesis and utilization have received increasing attention. Here the recent advances and challenges in ammonia synthesis and utilization are reviewed and summarized. For the synthesis of ammonia, we describe the different methods, i.e., the Haber–Bosch method, the electrocatalytic method, the photocatalytic method, the plasma-assisted method, and the chemical looping method, and discuss their synthesis mechanisms. For the utilization of ammonia, we summarize ammonia as an excellent hydrogen carrier that produces CO_x-free hydrogen and is a zero-carbon energy source that can be used directly as a fuel. Moreover, the structure–performance relationships of catalysts in ammonia decomposition and hydrogen purification process have been explored in this section. Hopefully, this review will provide a detailed paradigm for ammonia synthesis and utilization and inspire the practical application of ammonia as energy.

中文翻译：

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氨能源：合成与利用

氨被认为是一种优良的储氢介质，其合成和利用日益受到关注。本文对氨合成和利用的最新进展和挑战进行了回顾和总结。对于氨的合成，我们描述了不同的方法，即哈伯-博世法、电催化法、光催化法、等离子体辅助法和化学链法，并讨论了它们的合成机理。对于氨的利用，我们总结氨是一种优良的氢载体，它可以产生不含CO _x的氢气，是一种可以直接用作燃料的零碳能源。此外，本节还探讨了氨分解和氢气纯化过程中催化剂的结构-性能关系。希望这篇综述能为氨的合成和利用提供详细的范例，并启发氨作为能源的实际应用。