Abstract. The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface to bottom ocean biogeochemical bottle data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry and related variables determined through chemical analysis of seawater samples. GLODAPv2.2023 is an update of the previous version, GLODAPv2.2022 (Lauvset et al., 2022). The major changes are as follows: data from 23 new cruises were added. In addition, a number of changes were made to the data included in GLODAPv2.2022. GLODAPv2.2023 includes measurements from more than 1.4 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 1108 cruises. The data for the now 13 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4, and SF6) have undergone extensive quality control with a focus on the systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but converted to World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments applied to minimize bias. For the present annual update, adjustments for the 23 new cruises were derived by comparing those data with the data from the 1085 quality-controlled cruises in the GLODAPv2.2022 data product using crossover analysis. SF6 data from all cruises were evaluated by comparison with CFC-12 data measured on the same cruises. For nutrients and ocean carbon dioxide (CO2), chemistry comparisons to estimates based on empirical algorithms provided additional context for adjustment decisions. The adjustments that we applied are intended to remove potential biases from errors related to measurement, calibration, and data-handling practices without removing known or likely time trends or variations in the variables evaluated. The compiled and adjusted data product is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen, 2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4 µmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4 µmol kg−1 in total alkalinity, 0.01–0.02 in pH (depending on region), and 5 % in the halogenated transient tracers. The other variables included in the compilation, such as isotopic tracers and discrete CO2 fugacity (fCO2), were not subjected to bias comparison or adjustments. The original data, their documentation, and DOI codes are available at the Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System of NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), which also provides access to the merged data product. This is provided as a single global file and as four regional ones – the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans – under https://doi.org/10.25921/zyrq-ht66 (Lauvset et al., 2023). These bias-adjusted product files also include significant ancillary and approximated data, which were obtained by interpolation of, or calculation from, measured data. This living data update documents the GLODAPv2.2023 methods and provides a broad overview of the secondary quality control procedures and results.

中文翻译：

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年度更新GLODAPv2.2023：全球内海生物地球化学数据产品

摘要。全球海洋数据分析项目 (GLODAP) 是一项综合工作，提供从表面到底部海洋生物地球化学瓶数据的定期汇编，重点是海水无机碳化学和通过海水样本化学分析确定的相关变量。 GLODAPv2.2023 是先前版本 GLODAPv2.2022（Lauvset 等人，2022）的更新。主要变化如下：新增23条邮轮数据。此外，GLODAPv2.2022 中包含的数据也发生了一些变化。 GLODAPv2.2023 包含在 1108 次航行中收集的全球海洋超过 140 万个水样的测量结果。目前 13 个 GLODAP 核心变量的数据（盐度、氧气、硝酸盐、硅酸盐、磷酸盐、溶解无机碳、总碱度、pH、氯氟烃-11 (CFC-11)、CFC-12、CFC-113、CCl4 和 SF6 ）进行了广泛的质量控制，重点是对偏差的系统评估。数据有两种格式：(i) 由数据发起者提交，但转换为世界海洋环流实验 (WOCE) 交换格式；(ii) 作为合并数据产品，并进行调整以尽量减少偏差。在当前的年度更新中，通过使用交叉分析将这些数据与 GLODAPv2.2022 数据产品中 1085 条质量控制巡航的数据进行比较，得出了对 23 条新巡航的调整。通过与同一航次测量的 CFC-12 数据进行比较，对所有航次的 SF6 数据进行了评估。对于营养物质和海洋二氧化碳 (CO2)，化学与基于经验算法的估计值进行比较为调整决策提供了额外的背景。我们应用的调整旨在消除与测量、校准和数据处理实践相关的错误带来的潜在偏差，而不消除所评估变量的已知或可能的时间趋势或变化。编译和调整的数据产品被认为一致优于 0.005 的盐度、1% 的氧气、2% 的硝酸盐、2% 的硅酸盐、2% 的磷酸盐、4 µmol kg−1 的溶解无机碳、4 µmol总碱度为 kg−1，pH 值为 0.01–0.02（取决于地区），卤化瞬态示踪剂为 5%。汇编中包含的其他变量，例如同位素示踪剂和离散二氧化碳逸度 (fCO2)，未进行偏差比较或调整。原始数据、其文档和 DOI 代码可在 NOAA 国家环境信息中心 (NCEI) 的海洋碳和酸化数据系统中获取，该系统还提供对合并数据产品的访问。该文件以单一全球文件和四个区域文件（北冰洋、大西洋、印度洋和太平洋）的形式提供，网址为 https://doi.org/10.25921/zyrq-ht66（Lauvset 等人，2023 年）。这些偏差调整后的产品文件还包括重要的辅助和近似数据，这些数据是通过插值或计算获得的：测量数据。此实时数据更新记录了 GLODAPv2.2023 方法，并提供了二级质量控制程序和结果的广泛概述。