Global sustainable development faces a significant challenge in effectively utilizing CO. Meanwhile, CO biological fixation offers a promising solution. CO has the highest oxidation state (+4 valence state), whereas typical multi‑carbon chemicals have lower valence states. The Gibbs free energy (Δ) changes of CO reductive reactions are generally positive and this renders it necessary to input different forms of energy. Although biological carbon fixation processes are friendly to operate, the thermodynamic obstacles must be overcome. To make this reaction occur favorably and efficiently, diverse strategies to enhance CO biological fixation efficiency have been proposed by numerous researchers. This article reviews recent advances in optimizing CO biological fixation and intends to provide new insights into achieving efficient biological utilization of CO. It first outlines the thermodynamic characteristics of diverse carbon fixation reactions and proposes optimization directions for CO biological fixation. A comprehensive overview of the catalytic mechanisms, optimization strategies, and challenges encountered by common carbon-fixing enzymes is then provided. Subsequently, potential routes for improving the efficiency of biological carbon fixation are discussed, including the ATP supply, reducing power supply, energy supply, reactor design, and carbon enrichment system modules. In addition, effective artificial carbon fixation pathways were summarized and analyzed. Finally, prospects are made for the research direction of continuously improving the efficiency of biological carbon fixation.

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CO2生物固定的优化策略

全球可持续发展面临着有效利用二氧化碳的重大挑战，同时二氧化碳生物固定提供了一个有前景的解决方案。 CO 具有最高的氧化态（+4 价态），而典型的多碳化学品具有较低的价态。 CO还原反应的吉布斯自由能（Δ）变化通常为正，这使得需要输入不同形式的能量。尽管生物碳固定过程易于操作，但必须克服热力学障碍。为了使该反应有利且有效地发生，许多研究人员提出了多种提高CO生物固定效率的策略。本文综述了优化CO生物固定的最新进展，旨在为实现CO的高效生物利用提供新的见解。首先概述了多种碳固定反应的热力学特征，并提出了CO生物固定的优化方向。然后全面概述了常见碳固定酶的催化机制、优化策略和遇到的挑战。随后，讨论了提高生物固碳效率的潜在途径，包括ATP供应、还原电力供应、能量供应、反应器设计和碳富集系统模块。此外，还对有效的人工固碳途径进行了总结和分析。最后对持续提高生物固碳效率的研究方向进行了展望。