Cattail leaves (CL) have been used as a carbon source to synthesize nanoporous carbon (NPC) support with high surface area (S = 2002.12 mg) via hydrothermal carbonization and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation. The studied catalysts, including monometallic Pd/NPC and Ni/NPC, and bimetallic PdNi/NPC, were synthesized and characterized by using several techniques (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction). Their catalytic activity toward partial hydrogenation of palm biodiesel to H-FAME was tested, and the liquid product composition, cloud point, and oxidation stability were determined. The studied catalysts have a high porosity with the S of approximately 2037.34–2187.96 mg led to excellent metal dispersion. Although Ni did not show high catalytic activity compared to Pd, Ni incorporated with Pd as PdNi/NPC catalyst significantly increased the -C18:1 selectivity and prevented the catalytic deactivation during the partial hydrogenation. The oxidation stability of palm biodiesel feedstock was increased from 13.69 to 17.12 h while the cloud points adversely increased by only 3 degrees from 12 to 15 °C (still lower than 16 °C of the Thai industrial recommendation) with bimetallic PdNi/NPC catalyst. The main benefit of bimetallic PdNi/NPC over monometallic Pd/NPC and Ni/NPC is shown through not only higher C18:2 conversion but also much higher -to-trans ratio of C18:1 resulting in higher oxidation stability with acceptable compromise on the cloud point increasing. Consequently, the produced palm H-FAME can be used at a high blend ratio.

中文翻译：

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香蒲叶衍生的纳米多孔碳载体上的双金属 PdNi 催化剂用于合成部分氢化脂肪酸甲酯（H-FAME）

香蒲叶（CL）被用作碳源，通过水热碳化和氢氧化钾（KOH）活化合成具有高表面积（S = 2002.12 mg）的纳米多孔碳（NPC）载体。所研究的催化剂，包括单金属 Pd/NPC 和 Ni/NPC 以及双金属 PdNi/NPC，通过多种技术（例如扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、氮吸附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重分析、和 X 射线衍射）。测试了它们对棕榈生物柴油部分加氢生成 H-FAME 的催化活性，并测定了液体产物的组成、浊点和氧化稳定性。研究的催化剂具有高孔隙率，S 约为 2037.34–2187.96 mg，从而实现了优异的金属分散。尽管与 Pd 相比，Ni 没有表现出高催化活性，但与 Pd 结合的 Ni 作为 PdNi/NPC 催化剂显着提高了 -C18:1 选择性，并防止了部分氢化过程中的催化失活。使用双金属 PdNi/NPC 催化剂，棕榈生物柴油原料的氧化稳定性从 13.69 小时提高到 17.12 小时，而浊点从 12 到 15 °C 仅增加 3 度（仍然低于泰国工业推荐的 16 °C）。双金属 PdNi/NPC 相对于单金属 Pd/NPC 和 Ni/NPC 的主要优点不仅表现在更高的 C18:2 转化率上，而且还体现在更高的 C18:1 反式比率上，从而导致更高的氧化稳定性，同时在可接受的折衷下浊点增加。因此，所生产的棕榈H-FAME可以以高混合比使用。