A lack of eco-friendly, highly active photocatalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and unclear environmental risks are significant challenges. Herein, we developed a double S-scheme Fe₂O₃/BiVO₄(110)/BiVO₄(010)/Fe₂O₃ photocatalyst to activate PMS and investigated its impact on wheat seed germination. We observed an improvement in charge separation by depositing Fe₂O₃ on the (010) and (110) surfaces of BiVO₄. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a dual S-scheme charge transfer mechanism at the interfaces of Fe₂O₃/BiVO₄(110) and BiVO₄(010)/Fe₂O₃. By introducing PMS into the system, photogenerated electrons effectively activate PMS, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO₄^·–). Among the tested systems, the 20% Fe₂O₃/BiVO₄/Vis/PMS system exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency for norfloxacin (NOR) removal, reaching 95% in 40 min. This is twice the catalytic efficiency of the Fe₂O₃/BiVO₄/PMS system, 1.8 times that of the Fe₂O₃/BiVO₄ system, and 5 times that of the BiVO₄ system. Seed germination experiments revealed that Fe₂O₃/BiVO₄ heterojunction was beneficial for wheat seed germination, while PMS had a significant negative effect. This study provides valuable insights into the development of efficient and sustainable photocatalytic systems for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.

中文翻译：

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面依赖性 Fe2O3/BiVO4(110)/BiVO4(010)/Fe2O3 双 S 型光催化剂作为高效可见光驱动的过一硫酸盐活化剂用于诺氟沙星降解

缺乏用于激活过一硫酸盐（PMS）的环保、高活性光催化剂以及不明确的环境风险是重大挑战。在此，我们开发了一种双S型Fe ₂ O ₃ /BiVO ₄ (110)/BiVO ₄ (010)/Fe ₂ O ₃光催化剂来激活PMS并研究其对小麦种子发芽的影响。我们观察到通过在 BiVO ₄的（010）和（110）表面上沉积 Fe ₂ O ₃可以改善电荷分离。这种增强归因于Fe ₂ O ₃ /BiVO ₄ (110) 和BiVO ₄ (010)/Fe ₂ O ₃界面处双S型电荷转移机制的形成。通过将PMS引入系统，光生电子有效激活PMS，产生活性氧（ROS），例如羟基自由基（·OH）和硫酸根（SO ₄ ^·–）。在测试的系统中，20% Fe ₂ O ₃ /BiVO ₄ /Vis/PMS 系统对诺氟沙星（NOR）的去除率表现出最高的催化效率，在 40 分钟内达到 95%。这是Fe ₂ O ₃ /BiVO ₄ /PMS系统的催化效率的2倍，Fe ₂ O ₃ /BiVO ₄系统的1.8倍，BiVO ₄系统的5倍。种子萌发实验表明，Fe ₂ O ₃ /BiVO ₄异质结有利于小麦种子的萌发，而PMS则有显着的负面影响。这项研究为开发高效且可持续的光催化系统以去除废水中的有机污染物提供了宝贵的见解。