Medicinal plants are integral to traditional medicine systems world-wide, being pivotal for human health. Harvesting plant material from natural environments, however, has led to species scarcity, prompting action to develop cultivation solutions that also aid conservation efforts. Biotechnological tools, specifically plant tissue culture and genetic transformation, offer solutions for sustainable, large-scale production and enhanced yield of valuable biomolecules. While these techniques are instrumental to the development of the medicinal plant industry, the challenge of inherent regeneration recalcitrance in some species to in vitro cultivation hampers these efforts. This review examines the strategies for overcoming recalcitrance in medicinal plants using a holistic approach, emphasising the meticulous choice of explants, e.g. embryonic/meristematic tissues; plant growth regulators, e.g. synthetic cytokinins; and use of novel regeneration-enabling methods to deliver morphogenic genes e.g. GRF/GIF chimeras and nanoparticles, which have been shown to contribute to overcoming recalcitrance barriers in agriculture crops. Furthermore, it highlights the benefit of cost-effective genomic technologies that enable precise genome editing and the value of integrating data-driven models to address genotype-specific challenges in medicinal plant research. These advances mark a progressive step towards a future where medicinal plant cultivation is not only more efficient and predictable but also inherently sustainable, ensuring the continued availability and exploitation of these important plants for current and future generations.

中文翻译：

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提高药用植物的转化和再生效率：来自其他顽固物种的见解

药用植物是全世界传统医学体系的组成部分，对人类健康至关重要。然而，从自然环境中收获植物材料导致了物种稀缺，促使人们采取行动开发种植解决方案，这也有助于保护工作。生物技术工具，特别是植物组织培养和遗传转化，为可持续、大规模生产和提高有价值的生物分子产量提供了解决方案。虽然这些技术有助于药用植物产业的发展，但某些物种固有的再生顽抗性对体外培养的挑战阻碍了这些努力。这篇综述采用整体方法研究了克服药用植物顽抗性的策略，强调外植体的精心选择，例如胚胎/分生组织；植物生长调节剂，例如合成细胞分裂素；以及使用新型再生方法来传递形态发生基因，例如 GRF/GIF 嵌合体和纳米颗粒，这些基因已被证明有助于克服农作物的顽抗障碍。此外，它还强调了具有成本效益的基因组技术的优势，这些技术可以实现精确的基因组编辑，以及集成数据驱动模型以解决药用植物研究中基因型特定挑战的价值。这些进步标志着朝着未来迈出的一步，药用植物种植不仅更加高效、可预测，而且本质上是可持续的，确保当代和子孙后代能够持续获得和利用这些重要植物。