Composite materials can take advantages of the functional benefits of multiple pure nanomaterials to a greater degree than single nanomaterials alone. The UCNPs–MoS₂ composite is a nano-application platform that combines upconversion luminescence and photothermal properties. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are inorganic nanomaterials with long-wavelength excitation and short-wavelength tunable emission capabilities, and are able to effectively convert near-infrared (NIR) light into visible light for increased photostability. However, UCNPs have a low capacity for absorbing visible light, whereas MoS₂ shows better absorption in the ultraviolet and visible regions. By integrating the benefits of UCNPs and MoS₂, UCNPs–MoS₂ nanocomposites can convert NIR light with a higher depth of detection into visible light for application with MoS₂ through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which compensates for the issues of MoS₂'s low tissue penetration light-absorbing wavelengths and expands its potential biological applications. Therefore, starting from the construction of UCNPs–MoS₂ nanoplatforms, herein, we review the research progress in biological applications, including biosensing, phototherapy, bioimaging, and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, the current challenges and future development trends of UCNPs–MoS₂ nanocomposites for biological applications are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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UCNPs-MoS2纳米复合材料作为生物应用平台的最新进展

与单独使用单一纳米材料相比，复合材料可以更大程度地利用多种纯纳米材料的功能优势。 UCNPs-MoS ₂复合材料是一个结合了上转换发光和光热特性的纳米应用平台。上转换纳米颗粒（UCNP）是具有长波长激发和短波长可调发射能力的无机纳米材料，能够有效地将近红外（NIR）光转换为可见光以提高光稳定性。然而，UCNPs吸收可见光的能力较低，而MoS ₂在紫外和可见光区域表现出更好的吸收。通过整合UCNPs和MoS ₂的优点，UCNPs–MoS ₂纳米复合材料可以将具有更高检测深度的近红外光转换为可见光，通过荧光共振能量转移（FRET）与MoS _{2一起应用，从而弥补了MoS 2}的问题的低组织渗透光吸收波长并扩展了其潜在的生物应用。因此，本文从UCNPs–MoS ₂纳米平台的构建入手，综述了生物传感、光疗、生物成像和靶向药物递送等生物应用的研究进展。此外，还讨论了用于生物应用的UCNPs-MoS ₂纳米复合材料当前的挑战和未来的发展趋势。