Background

Resistance exercise is the most common training modality included within strength and conditioning (S&C) practice. Understanding dose–response relationships between resistance training and a range of outcomes relevant to physical and sporting performance is of primary importance for quality S&C prescription.

Objectives

The aim of this meta-analysis was to use contemporary modelling techniques to investigate resistance-only and resistance-dominant training interventions, and explore relationships between training variables (frequency, volume, intensity), participant characteristics (training status, sex), and improvements across a range of outcome domains including maximum strength, power, vertical jump, change of direction, and sprinting performance.

Methods

Data were obtained from a database of training studies conducted between 1962 and 2018, which comprised healthy trained or untrained adults engaged in resistance-only or resistance-dominant interventions. Studies were not required to include a control group. Standardized mean difference effect sizes were calculated and interventions categorized according to a range of training variables describing frequency (number of sessions per week), volume (number of sets and repetitions performed), overall intensity (intensity of effort and load, categorised as low, medium or high), and intensity of load (represented as % of one-repetition maximum [1RM] prescribed). Contemporary modelling techniques including Bayesian mixed-effects meta-analytic models were fitted to investigate linear and non-linear dose-responses with models compared based on predictive accuracy.

Results

Data from a total of 295 studies comprising 535 groups and 6,710 participants were included with analyses conducted on time points ≤ 26 weeks. The best performing model included: duration from baseline, average number of sets, and the main and interaction effects between outcome domain and intensity of load (% 1RM) expressed non-linearly. Model performance was not improved by the inclusion of participant training status or sex.

Conclusions

The current meta-analysis represents the most comprehensive investigation of dose–response relationships across a range of outcome domains commonly targeted within strength and conditioning to date. Results demonstrate the magnitude of improvements is predominantly influenced by training intensity of load and the outcome measured. When considering the effects of intensity as a % 1RM, profiles differ across outcome domains with maximum strength likely to be maximised with the heaviest loads, vertical jump performance likely to be maximised with relatively light loads (~ 30% 1RM), and power likely to be maximised with low to moderate loads (40–70% 1RM).

中文翻译：

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力量和体能各结果域抗阻运动的剂量反应模型：荟萃分析

背景

抗阻运动是力量与体能 (S&C) 练习中最常见的训练方式。了解抗阻训练与身体和运动表现相关的一系列结果之间的剂量反应关系对于高质量的 S&C 处方至关重要。

目标

这项荟萃分析的目的是利用当代建模技术来研究纯阻力和阻力为主的训练干预措施，并探索训练变量（频率、训练量、强度）、参与者特征（训练状态、性别）和改进之间的关系涵盖一系列结果领域，包括最大力量、爆发力、垂直弹跳、方向改变和冲刺表现。

方法

数据来自 1962 年至 2018 年间进行的训练研究数据库，其中包括接受过训练或未训练的健康成年人，进行纯阻力或阻力为主的干预措施。研究不需要包括对照组。计算标准化平均差异效应大小，并根据一系列描述频率（每周训练次数）、训练量（执行的组数和重复次数）、总体强度（努力和负荷强度，分类为低、低）的训练变量对干预措施进行分类。中或高）和负荷强度（表示为规定的一次重复最大值 [1RM] 的百分比）。现代建模技术（包括贝叶斯混合效应荟萃分析模型）适用于研究线性和非线性剂量反应，并根据预测准确性对模型进行比较。

结果

总共 295 项研究（包括 535 个组和 6,710 名参与者）的数据纳入了在 ≤ 26 周的时间点进行的分析。表现最佳的模型包括：从基线开始的持续时间、平均组数以及结果域和负荷强度 (% 1RM) 之间的主要影响和交互影响（以非线性方式表示）。纳入参与者的训练状态或性别并没有提高模型性能。

结论

当前的荟萃分析代表了迄今为止对力量和体能训练中常见的一系列结果领域的剂量反应关系的最全面的研究。结果表明，改善的幅度主要受训练负荷强度和测量结果的影响。当考虑强度的影响为 % 1RM 时，不同结果域的配置文件不同，最大力量可能在最重的负载下最大化，垂直跳跃性能可能在相对较轻的负载下最大化（~ 30% 1RM），而功率可能在在低到中等负载 (40–70% 1RM) 下最大化。