Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key players in regulating developmental processes of plants. Plants have evolved a large array of gene families to facilitate the ROS-regulated developmental process in roots and leaves. However, the cellular targets of ROS during plant evolutionary development are still elusive. Here, we found early evolution and large expansions of protein families such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the evolutionarily important plant lineages. We review the recent advances in interactions among ROS, phytohormones, gasotransmitters, and protein kinases. We propose that these signaling molecules act in concert to maintain cellular ROS homeostasis in developmental processes of root and leaf to ensure the fine-tuning of plant growth for better adaptation to the changing climate.

活性氧（ROS）是调节植物发育过程的关键角色。植物进化出了大量的基因家族，以促进根和叶中 ROS 调节的发育过程。然而，植物进化发育过程中ROS的细胞靶标仍然难以捉摸。在这里，我们在进化上重要的植物谱系中发现了蛋白质家族的早期进化和大规模扩展，例如丝裂原激活蛋白激酶（MAPK）。我们回顾了活性氧、植物激素、气体递质和蛋白激酶之间相互作用的最新进展。我们认为这些信号分子协同作用，维持根和叶发育过程中细胞活性氧稳态，以确保植物生长的微调，以更好地适应气候变化。