Channel-aligned regulation of photoelectrode within the bulk structure to generate eminent light absorbance and high-level pollutant adsorption is pivotal but challenging for realizing high-performance photofuel cell (PFC) system. Herein, we demonstrated an effective and scalable expansion-flow-modulated direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing strategy for controllably constructing microlattice photoelectrode, with multiscale well-interconnected oriented channels built by layer-by-layer highly-regular assembly of filaments and vertical alignment of graphene nanosheets within filaments as well as uniform coupling of abundant photoactive nanoparticles to highly ordered channel walls. The unique architectural features enabled high-speed and effective diffusion/trapping of wastewater pollutants throughout the entire photoelectrode, and meanwhile facilitated ready spreading of incident light into the photoelectrode interior to yield high light absorption. As a result, an integrated 3D-printed vertically-aligned PFC (3DP VAPFC) assembled with as-fabricated photoelectrode exhibited its powerful capability for efficiently converting wastewater pollutants into electric energy under sunlight, with remarkable cycling stability and maximum power density of 0.11 mW cm. This work opens a promising route for architecting advanced photoelectrode toward PFC devices with highly efficient degradation and electricity generation of pollutants.

中文翻译：

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垂直排列石墨烯光燃料电池的膨胀流调制 3D 打印

在体结构内对光电极进行通道对齐调节以产生出色的光吸收和高水平的污染物吸附对于实现高性能光燃料电池（PFC）系统至关重要但具有挑战性。在此，我们展示了一种有效且可扩展的膨胀流动调制直接墨水书写（DIW）3D打印策略，用于可控地构建微晶格光电极，具有通过逐层高度规则的细丝和垂直组装构建的多尺度良好互连的定向通道。细丝内石墨烯纳米片的排列以及丰富的光活性纳米粒子与高度有序的通道壁的均匀耦合。独特的结构特征使得废水污染物能够在整个光电极中高速有效地扩散/捕获，同时有利于入射光迅速扩散到光电极内部以产生高光吸收。结果，与制造好的光电极组装的集成3D打印垂直排列PFC（3DP VAPFC）展现了其在阳光下有效将废水污染物转化为电能的强大能力，具有出色的循环稳定性和0.11 mW cm的最大功率密度。这项工作为构建先进的光电极以实现 PFC 器件的高效降解和污染物发电开辟了一条有前途的途径。