Although previous studies have shown increased health risks of particulate matters, few have evaluated the long-term health impacts of ultrafine particles (UFPs or PM, ≤ 0.1 µm in diameter). This study assessed the association between long-term exposure to UFPs and mortality in New York State (NYS), including total non-accidental and cause-specific mortalities, sociodemographic disparities and seasonal trends. Collecting data from a comprehensive chemical transport model and NYS Vital Records, we used the interquartile range (IQR) and high-level UFPs (≥75 % percentile) as indicators to link with mortalities. Our modified difference-in-difference model controlled for other pollutants, meteorological factors, spatial and temporal confounders. The findings indicate that long-term UFPs exposure significantly increases the risk of non-accidental mortality (RR=1.10, 95 % CI: 1.05, 1.17), cardiovascular mortality (RR=1.11, 95 % CI: 1.05, 1.18) particularly for cerebrovascular (RR=1.21, 95 % CI: 1.10, 1.35) and pulmonary heart diseases (RR=1.33, 95 % CI: 1.13, 1.57), and respiratory mortality (borderline significance, RR=1.09, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.18). Hispanics (RR=1.13, 95 % CI: 1.00, 1.29) and non-Hispanic Blacks (RR=1.40, 95 % CI: 1.16, 1.68) experienced significantly higher mortality risk after exposure to UFPs, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Children under five, older adults, non-NYC residents, and winter seasons are more susceptible to UFPs’ effects.

中文翻译：

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隐藏的危险：超细颗粒对纽约州死亡率及其社会人口差异的长期影响

尽管之前的研究表明颗粒物会增加健康风险，但很少有人评估超细颗粒（UFP 或 PM，直径≤ 0.1 µm）的长期健康影响。本研究评估了纽约州 (NYS) 长期接触 UFP 与死亡率之间的关联，包括非意外死亡率和特定原因死亡率、社会人口差异和季节性趋势。我们从综合化学品运输模型和纽约州生命记录中收集数据，使用四分位距 (IQR) 和高水平 UFP（≥75% 百分位数）作为与死亡率联系起来的指标。我们修改后的双重差分模型控制了其他污染物、气象因素、空间和时间混杂因素。研究结果表明，长期接触 UFP 会显着增加非意外死亡 (RR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.17) 和心血管死亡 (RR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.18) 的风险，特别是脑血管死亡(RR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.35) 和肺心病 (RR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.13, 1.57) 和呼吸系统死亡率 (临界显着性，RR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.18) 。与非西班牙裔白人相比，西班牙裔（RR=1.13，95% CI：1.00，1.29）和非西班牙裔黑人（RR=1.40，95% CI：1.16，1.68）接触 UFP 后的死亡风险显着更高。五岁以下儿童、老年人、非纽约市居民和冬季更容易受到 UFP 的影响。