Advancing biofabrication toward manufacturing living constructs with well-defined architectures and increasingly biologically relevant cell densities is highly desired to mimic the biofunctionality of native human tissues. The formulation of tissue-like, cell-dense inks for biofabrication remains, however, challenging at various levels of the bioprinting process. Promising advances have been made toward this goal, achieving relatively high cell densities that surpass those found in conventional platforms, pushing the current boundaries closer to achieving tissue-like cell densities. On this focus, herein the overarching challenges in the bioprocessing of cell-rich living inks into clinically grade engineered tissues are discussed, as well as the most recent advances in cell-rich living ink formulations and their processing technologies are highlighted. Additionally, an overview of the foreseen developments in the field is provided and critically discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于生物制造生命建筑的富含细胞墨水的进展

非常需要推进生物制造，以制造具有明确结构和越来越多的生物学相关细胞密度的活体结构，以模仿天然人体组织的生物功能。然而，用于生物制造的类组织、细胞致密墨水的配方在生物打印过程的各个层面仍然具有挑战性。朝着这一目标已经取得了有希望的进展，实现了超过传统平台的相对较高的细胞密度，推动了当前的边界更接近于实现组织样细胞密度。围绕这一重点，本文讨论了将富含细胞的活性墨水生物加工成临床级工程组织的首要挑战，并重点介绍了富含细胞的活性墨水配方及其加工技术的最新进展。此外，还概述并批判性地讨论了该领域的可预见发展。