AimsTo perform a systematic review of studies that sought to identify diagnostic biomarkers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM), which could be used in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) where there is a lack of diagnostic equipment, treatments and training.Materials and MethodsPapers were sourced from six databases: the British Nursing Index, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sage, Science Direct and Scopus. Articles published between January 2002 and January 2023 were systematically reviewed by three reviewers and appropriate search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied.ResultsA total of 18 studies were yielded, as well as 234 diagnostic biomarkers (74 for CVD and 160 for DM). Primary biomarkers for the diagnosis of CVDs included growth differentiation factor 15 and neurogenic locus notch homologue protein 1 (Notch1). For the diagnosis of DM, alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, C‐peptides, isoleucine, glucose, tyrosine, linoleic acid and valine were frequently reported across the included studies. Advanced analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and vibrational spectroscopy, were also repeatedly reported in the included studies and were utilized in combination with traditional and alternative matrices such as fingernails, hair and saliva.ConclusionsWhile advanced analytical techniques are expensive, laboratories in LMICs should carry out a cost–benefit analysis of their use. Alternatively, laboratories may want to explore emerging techniques such as infrared, Fourier transform‐infrared and near‐infrared spectroscopy, which allow sensitive noninvasive analysis.

中文翻译：

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用于诊断心血管疾病和糖尿病的诊断生物标志物的鉴定：定量研究的系统评价

目的 对旨在确定诊断心血管疾病 (CVD) 和糖尿病 (DM) 的诊断生物标志物的研究进行系统回顾，这些研究可用于缺乏相关技术的低收入和中等收入国家 (LMIC)。诊断设备、治疗和培训。材料和方法论文来自六个数据库：英国护理索引、谷歌学术、PubMed、Sage、Science Direct 和 Scopus。三位审稿人对 2002 年 1 月至 2023 年 1 月期间发表的文章进行了系统审查，并应用了适当的检索词和纳入/排除标准。 结果共产生了 18 项研究以及 234 种诊断生物标志物（74 种用于 CVD，160 种用于 DM）。诊断 CVD 的主要生物标志物包括生长分化因子 15 和神经源性位点 Notch 同源蛋白 1 (Notch1)。对于 DM 的诊断，纳入的研究中经常报道 α-2-巨球蛋白、C 肽、异亮氨酸、葡萄糖、酪氨酸、亚油酸和缬氨酸。先进的分析技术，如液相色谱质谱法、酶联免疫吸附测定和振动光谱法，在纳入的研究中也被反复报道，并与传统和替代基质（如指甲、头发和唾液）结合使用。 结论费用昂贵，中低收入国家的实验室应对其使用进行成本效益分析。或者，实验室可能希望探索红外、傅里叶变换红外和近红外光谱等新兴技术，这些技术可以实现灵敏的非侵入性分析。