Converting renewable biomass into liquid fuels and value-added chemicals has emerged as a pivotal technology, driving the transformation of the energy landscape. Efficiently transforming the cellulose components of biomass into the crucial liquid fuel precursor levulinic acid holds profound significance. The principal objective of this study is to fabricate a temperature-responsive catalyst based on Al-doped silicotungstic acid, which is intended for converting glucose into levulinic acid. By exploiting the interaction between choline chloride and silicotungstic acid, which exhibits a notable capacity for high proton migration, we successfully synthesized a stable acid catalyst with responsive properties to temperature changes. Through precise adjustments of Al³⁺ concentration, we engineered a collection of Lewis/Brønsted composite catalysts capable of responding to temperature variations. A comprehensive analysis of the catalyst’s structure and acidity was conducted using various techniques including FTIR, XRD, TEM, and Py-IR. These methods revealed crucial insights into the crystalline architecture, surface morphology, and distribution of acidic domains, providing a solid foundation for a deeper understanding of the catalytic reaction mechanism. Through the meticulous optimization of key reaction parameters, including Al³⁺ loading, solvent composition, reaction temperature, and reaction duration, the ChAl_2/3HSiW₁₂O₄₀ catalyst achieved its pinnacle of efficiency at 150 °C over an 8 h period. This resulted in the remarkable outcome of complete glucose conversion, yielding an impressive 62.01% of levulinic acid. Additionally, an evaluation of the catalyst’s recyclability was carried out, demonstrating its commendable hydrothermal stability and ability for repetitive usage without any reduction in catalytic efficiency.

中文翻译：

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温度响应型掺铝硅钨酸催化剂催化葡萄糖转化为乙酰丙酸

将可再生生物质转化为液体燃料和增值化学品已成为推动能源格局转型的关键技术。将生物质的纤维素成分有效转化为关键的液体燃料前体乙酰丙酸具有深远的意义。本研究的主要目的是制造一种基于铝掺杂硅钨酸的温度响应型催化剂，用于将葡萄糖转化为乙酰丙酸。通过利用氯化胆碱和硅钨酸之间的相互作用（其具有显着的高质子迁移能力），我们成功合成了一种对温度变化具有响应特性的稳定酸催化剂。通过精确调节 Al ³⁺浓度，我们设计了一系列能够响应温度变化的 Lewis/Brønsted 复合催化剂。采用 FTIR、XRD、TEM 和 Py-IR 等多种技术对催化剂的结构和酸度进行了综合分析。这些方法揭示了对晶体结构、表面形态和酸性域分布的重要见解，为更深入地理解催化反应机制提供了坚实的基础。通过对关键反应参数（包括 Al ³⁺负载量、溶剂组成、反应温度和反应持续时间）的精心优化， ChAl _2/3 HSiW ₁₂ O ₄₀催化剂在 150 °C 8 小时内达到了最高效率。这导致了葡萄糖完全转化的显着结果，产生了令人印象深刻的 62.01% 的乙酰丙酸。此外，还对催化剂的可回收性进行了评估，证明其具有值得称赞的水热稳定性和重复使用的能力，而不会降低催化效率。