Age-related aneuploidy in human oocytes is a major factor contributing to decreased fertility and adverse reproductive outcomes. As females age, their oocytes are more prone to meiotic chromosome segregation errors, leading primarily to aneuploidy. Elevated aneuploidy rates have also been observed in oocytes from very young, prepubertal conceptions. A key barrier to developing effective treatments for age-related oocyte aneuploidy is our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. The challenge is becoming increasingly critical as more people choose to delay childbearing, a trend that has significant societal implications. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the process of oocyte meiosis and folliculogenesis, highlighting the relationship between age and chromosomal aberrations in oocytes and embryos, and integrate proposed mechanisms of age-related meiotic disturbances across structural, protein, and genomic levels. Our goal is to spur new research directions and therapeutic avenues.

中文翻译：

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母亲年龄对卵母细胞非整倍性的影响：生殖后果、分子机制和未来方向

人类卵母细胞中与年龄相关的非整倍性是导致生育力下降和不良生殖结果的主要因素。随着女性年龄的增长，她们的卵母细胞更容易出现减数分裂染色体分离错误，主要导致非整倍体。在非常年轻的青春期前受孕的卵母细胞中也观察到非整倍体率升高。开发针对与年龄相关的卵母细胞非整倍性的有效治疗方法的一个关键障碍是我们对所涉及的分子机制的不完全理解。随着越来越多的人选择推迟生育，这一挑战变得越来越严峻，这一趋势具有重大的社会影响。在这篇综述中，我们总结了有关卵母细胞减数分裂和卵泡发生过程的现有知识，强调了卵母细胞和胚胎中年龄与染色体畸变之间的关系，并整合了结构、蛋白质和基因组水平上与年龄相关的减数分裂紊乱的机制。我们的目标是激发新的研究方向和治疗途径。