The increasing demand for electricity due to the diffusion of electric vehicles (EV) poses challenges to the electricity system. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is recognized as a promising approach for reducing grid stress and aligning charging demand with volatile renewable energy sources (RES), thereby fully exploiting the decarbonization potential of EVs. However, significant challenges continue to impede the successful market uptake of V2G technology, with fiscal policies for charging and discharging EVs being a notable barrier. In Germany and other European Union countries, the V2G tax scheme levies substantial taxes, fees, and surcharges on electricity purchases, while only the wholesale price is obtained for electricity sales. Hence, a significant price spread is necessary for profitable trading. Using the agent-based electricity market model PowerACE, we simulate four scenarios, demonstrating the tax regime's impact on the electricity markets and V2G revenues. Furthermore, we mirror the electricity market prices with users' willingness to pay for a V2G charging tariff. Our research underscores the pivotal role of taxes, fees, and surcharges as essential tools for policymakers to encourage V2G market adoption while maintaining its economic viability. Current legislation falls short of EV owners' financial expectations for V2G participation. A more favorable tax regime, however, could boost V2G trading, yielding profits in line with owner expectations and leading to lower wholesale market prices as well as reducing the necessity for stationary battery storage investments. With the increasing prevalence of EVs, the shift in V2G's role from a price-taker to a price-maker poses long-term profitability risks. Based on the simulation results, we recommend implementing favorable tax regimes, which could mitigate these challenges, facilitating effective V2G integration.

中文翻译：

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V2G 现货市场交易建模：收费对经济可行性的影响

由于电动汽车（EV）的普及，电力需求不断增加，给电力系统带来了挑战。车辆到电网（V2G）技术被认为是一种有前途的方法，可以减轻电网压力，并使充电需求与不稳定的可再生能源（RES）保持一致，从而充分发挥电动汽车的脱碳潜力。然而，重大挑战继续阻碍 V2G 技术的成功市场应用，其中电动汽车充电和放电的财政政策是一个显着的障碍。在德国和其他欧盟国家，V2G税收计划对购电征收大量税费和附加费，而售电仅获得批发价。因此，为了实现有利可图的交易，显着的价差是必要的。使用基于代理的电力市场模型 PowerACE，我们模拟了四种场景，展示了税制对电力市场和 V2G 收入的影响。此外，我们将电力市场价格与用户支付 V2G 充电费用的意愿进行了反映。我们的研究强调了税收、费用和附加费作为政策制定者鼓励 V2G 市场采用同时保持其经济活力的重要工具的关键作用。目前的立法未能满足电动汽车车主参与 V2G 的财务预期。然而，更优惠的税收制度可以促进 V2G 交易，产生符合业主预期的利润，并导致批发市场价格下降，并减少固定电池存储投资的必要性。随着电动汽车的日益普及，V2G从价格接受者到价格制定者的角色转变带来了长期盈利风险。根据模拟结果，我们建议实施优惠的税收制度，这可以缓解这些挑战，促进有效的 V2G 集成。