The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.

中文翻译：

---

离子液体的生物学效应机制：从单细胞到多细胞生物

该综述详细讨论了离子液体 (IL) 与生物系统之间相互作用的研究领域的发展。从熔盐电解质到目前的多用途物质，离子液体因其卓越的物理化学特性（包括出色的可调性）而在各个领域得到广泛应用。然而，它们与生物系统的相互作用以及对生物体的潜在影响在很大程度上仍未得到探索。本综述探讨了 IL 对细胞培养物、生物分子以及脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的细胞毒性作用。我们对白介素毒性的了解虽然近年来不断增长，但仍处于起步阶段。已确定的发现包括 IL 的有害作用与其扰乱细胞膜的能力、它们触发细胞氧化应激的潜力以及它们通过细胞凋亡导致细胞死亡的能力之间的相关性。综述中提出的未来研究方向包括研究各种IL在细胞区室和细胞器内的分布、研究IL在细胞和生物体中的代谢转化、详细分析IL对参与氧化应激和凋亡的蛋白质的影响、IL剂量之间的相关性研究、暴露时间和由此产生的不利影响，以及检查亚毒浓度的离子液体对各种生物物体的影响。本综述旨在对当前 IL 相关毒性机制知识体系进行批判性分析。此外，它可以指导研究人员设计毒性较小的离子液体，并在药物开发和医学中明智地使用离子液体。