The application of three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) printing in cancer research represents a significant advancement in understanding and addressing the complexities of cancer biology. 3D/4D materials provide more physiologically relevant environments compared to traditional two-dimensional models, allowing for a more accurate representation of the tumor microenvironment that enables researchers to study tumor progression, drug responses, and interactions with surrounding tissues under conditions similar to in vivo conditions. The dynamic nature of 4D materials introduces the element of time, allowing for the observation of temporal changes in cancer behavior and response to therapeutic interventions. The use of 3D/4D printing in cancer research holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the disease and improving the translation of preclinical findings to clinical applications. Accordingly, this review aims to briefly discuss 3D and 4D printing and their advantages and limitations in the field of cancer. Moreover, new techniques such as 5D/6D printing and artificial intelligence (AI) are also introduced as methods that could be used to overcome the limitations of 3D/4D printing and opened promising ways for the fast and precise diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

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3D、4D、5D 和 6D 生物打印在癌症研究中的应用：未来会是什么样子？

三维和四维 (3D/4D) 打印在癌症研究中的应用代表了理解和解决癌症生物学复杂性的重大进步。与传统的二维模型相比，3D/4D材料提供了更多的生理相关环境，可以更准确地表示肿瘤微环境，使研究人员能够在类似于体内条件的条件下研究肿瘤进展、药物反应以及与周围组织的相互作用。 4D 材料的动态特性引入了时间元素，可以观察癌症行为的时间变化和对治疗干预的反应。 3D/4D 打印在癌症研究中的应用对于增进我们对疾病的了解以及改善临床前发现向临床应用的转化具有巨大的前景。因此，本文旨在简要讨论3D和4D打印及其在癌症领域的优势和局限性。此外，5D/6D打印和人工智能（AI）等新技术也被引入，作为克服3D/4D打印局限性的方法，为癌症的快速、精确诊断和治疗开辟了有希望的途径。