Safe, accurate, and reliable analysis of urinary biomarkers is clinically important for early detection and monitoring of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as it has become one of the world's most prevalent non-communicable diseases. However, current technologies for measuring urinary biomarkers are either time-consuming and limited to well-equipped hospitals or lack the necessary sensitivity for quantitative analysis and post a health risk to frontline practitioners. Here we report a robust paper-based dual functional biosensor, which is integrated with the clinical urine sampling vial, for the simultaneous and quantitative analysis of pH and glucose in urine. The pH sensor was fabricated by electrochemically depositing IrOx onto a paper substrate using optimised parameters, which enabled an ultrahigh sensitivity of 71.58 mV pH⁻¹. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was used in combination with an electrochemically deposited Prussian blue layer for the detection of glucose, and its performance was enhanced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), chitosan, and graphite composites, achieving a sensitivity of 1.5 μA mM⁻¹. This dual function biosensor was validated using clinical urine samples, where a correlation coefficient of 0.96 for pH and 0.98 for glucose detection was achieved with commercial methods as references. More importantly, the urine sampling vial was kept sealed throughout the sample-to-result process, which minimised the health risk to frontline practitioners and simplified the diagnostic procedures. This diagnostic platform, therefore, holds high promise as a rapid, accurate, safe, and user-friendly point-of-care (POC) technology for the analysis of urinary biomarkers in frontline clinical settings.

中文翻译：

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纸基双功能生物传感器，用于安全且用户友好的即时尿液分析

尿液生物标志物的安全、准确和可靠的分析对于早期检测和监测慢性肾脏病 (CKD) 的进展具有重要的临床意义，因为它已成为世界上最流行的非传染性疾病之一。然而，目前测量尿液生物标志物的技术要么耗时且仅限于设备齐全的医院，要么缺乏定量分析所需的灵敏度，给一线从业人员带来健康风险。在这里，我们报告了一种强大的纸基双功能生物传感器，它与临床尿液采样瓶集成，用于同时定量分析尿液中的 pH 和葡萄糖。 pH 传感器是通过使用优化参数将 IrOx 电化学沉积到纸基上来制造的，从而实现了 71.58 mV pH ^-1的超高灵敏度。葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）与电化学沉积的普鲁士蓝层结合用于检测葡萄糖，其性能通过金纳米颗粒（AuNP）、壳聚糖和石墨复合材料增强，实现了1.5 μA mM ^-1的灵敏度。这种双功能生物传感器使用临床尿液样本进行了验证，以商业方法作为参考，pH 相关系数为 0.96，葡萄糖检测相关系数为 0.98。更重要的是，尿液采样瓶在从样本到结果的整个过程中保持密封，这最大限度地减少了一线从业人员的健康风险并简化了诊断程序。因此，该诊断平台作为一种快速、准确、安全且用户友好的现场护理 (POC) 技术，有望在一线临床环境中分析尿液生物标志物。