Significant advances in bionic prosthetics have occurred in the past two decades. The field's rapid expansion has yielded many exciting technologies that can enhance the physical, functional, and cognitive integration of a prosthetic limb with a human. We review advances in the engineering of prosthetic devices and their interfaces with the human nervous system, as well as various surgical techniques for altering human neuromusculoskeletal systems for seamless human–prosthesis integration. We discuss significant advancements in research and clinical translation, focusing on upper limb prosthetics since they heavily rely on user intent for daily operation, although many discussed technologies have been extended to lower limb prostheses as well. In addition, our review emphasizes the roles of advanced prosthetics technologies in complex interactions with humans and the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of individual research advances. Finally, we discuss current gaps and controversies in the field and point out future research directions, guided by TRLs.

中文翻译：

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将上肢假肢与人体相结合：技术进步、准备情况以及在人假肢交互中的作用

过去二十年来，仿生假肢取得了重大进展。该领域的快速发展催生了许多令人兴奋的技术，这些技术可以增强假肢与人类的物理、功能和认知整合。我们回顾了假肢装置及其与人类神经系统接口的工程进展，以及改变人类神经肌肉骨骼系统以实现人假肢无缝集成的各种手术技术。我们讨论了研究和临床转化方面的重大进展，重点关注上肢假肢，因为它们在日常操作中严重依赖于用户意图，尽管许多讨论的技术也已扩展到下肢假肢。此外，我们的评论强调了先进假肢技术在与人类复杂交互中的作用以及个人研究进展的技术准备水平（TRL）。最后，我们讨论了该领域当前的差距和争议，并在 TRL 的指导下指出了未来的研究方向。