In the present study, a novel silane coupling agent, designated INSi, was synthesized via a facile synthetic route, incorporating indole-functional moieties. This agent was further employed for the surface modification of homemade silica nanomicrospheres (SMPs). The ensuing nanomicrosphere composite, denoted as SiO₂@IN, exemplified pronounced interfacial π–π interactions. Optimization of the reaction conditions was conducted using the response surface optimization technique. Subsequent validation of interfacial π–π interactions was accomplished through a synergistic approach, integrating theoretical calculations and comprehensive analyses of spectral and morphological attributes exhibited by the SiO₂@IN.

中文翻译：

---

界面π-π堆积的演示：吲哚改性单分散二氧化硅微球SiO2@IN的合成

在本研究中，通过一种简单的合成路线合成了一种新型硅烷偶联剂，命名为 INSi，其中包含吲哚官能团。该试剂进一步用于自制二氧化硅纳米微球（SMP）的表面改性。随后的纳米微球复合材料，表示为 SiO ₂ @IN，例证了明显的界面 π-π 相互作用。使用响应面优化技术对反应条件进行优化。随后通过协同方法完成界面π-π相互作用的验证，结合理论计算和对SiO ₂ @IN所表现出的光谱和形态属性的综合分析。