Implantable neural microelectrodes exhibit the great ability to accurately capture the electrophysiological signals from individual neurons with exceptional submillisecond precision, holding tremendous potential for advancing brain science research, as well as offering promising avenues for neurological disease therapy. Although significant advancements have been made in the channel and density of implantable neural microelectrodes, challenges persist in extending the stable recording duration of these microelectrodes. The enduring stability of implanted electrode signals is primarily influenced by the chronic immune response triggered by the slight movement of the electrode within the neural tissue. The intensity of this immune response increases with a higher bending stiffness of the electrode. This Review thoroughly analyzes the sequential reactions evoked by implanted electrodes in the brain and highlights strategies aimed at mitigating chronic immune responses. Minimizing immune response mainly includes designing the microelectrode structure, selecting flexible materials, surface modification, and controlling drug release. The purpose of this paper is to provide valuable references and ideas for reducing the immune response of implantable neural microelectrodes and stimulate their further exploration in the field of brain science.

中文翻译：

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植入式神经微电极：如何减少免疫反应

可植入神经微电极表现出以亚毫秒级精度准确捕获单个神经元电生理信号的强大能力，为推进脑科学研究提供了巨大潜力，并为神经系统疾病治疗提供了有希望的途径。尽管植入式神经微电极的通道和密度已经取得了显着的进步，但延长这些微电极的稳定记录持续时间仍然存在挑战。植入电极信号的持久稳定性主要受到神经组织内电极轻微移动所触发的慢性免疫反应的影响。这种免疫反应的强度随着电极的弯曲刚度的增加而增加。这篇综述彻底分析了大脑中植入电极引起的连续反应，并强调了旨在减轻慢性免疫反应的策略。最小化免疫反应主要包括设计微电极结构、选择柔性材料、表面修饰和控制药物释放。本文旨在为植入式神经微电极降低免疫反应提供有价值的参考和思路，激发其在脑科学领域的进一步探索。