Main conclusion

Differentially expressed microRNAs were found associated with the development of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in Viola prionantha, revealing potential roles of microRNAs in the developmental evolution of dimorphic flowers.

Abstract

In Viola prionantha, chasmogamous (CH) flowers are induced by short daylight, while cleistogamous (CL) flowers are triggered by long daylight. How environmental factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) affect dimorphic flower formation remains unknown. In this study, small RNA sequencing was performed on CH and CL floral buds at different developmental stages in V. prionantha, differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified, and their target genes were predicted. In CL flowers, Viola prionantha miR393 (vpr-miR393a/b) and vpr-miRN3366 were highly expressed, while in CH flowers, vpr-miRN2005, vpr-miR172e-2, vpr-miR166m-3, vpr-miR396f-2, and vpr-miR482d-2 were highly expressed. In the auxin-activated signaling pathway, vpr-miR393a/b and vpr-miRN2005 could target Vpr-TIR1/AFB and Vpr-ARF2, respectively, and other DEmiRNAs could target genes involved in the regulation of transcription, e.g., Vpr-AP2-7. Moreover, Vpr-UFO and Vpr-YAB5, the main regulators in petal and stamen development, were co-expressed with Vpr-TIR1/AFB and Vpr-ARF2 and showed lower expression in CL flowers than in CH flowers. Some V. prionantha genes relating to the stress/defense responses were co-expressed with Vpr-TIR1/AFB, Vpr-ARF2, and Vpr-AP2-7 and highly expressed in CL flowers. Therefore, in V. prionantha, CH–CL flower development may be regulated by the identified DEmiRNAs and their target genes, thus providing the first insight into the formation of dimorphic flowers in Viola.

中文翻译：

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与堇菜花开放和闭锁花发育相关的 microRNA 及其靶基因的鉴定

主要结论

差异表达的 microRNA 被发现与紫花地丁 ( Viola prionantha)的雌雄花和闭锁花的发育相关，揭示了 microRNA 在二态花发育进化中的潜在作用。

抽象的

在堇菜中，短日照诱导开裂花（CH）花，而长日照引发闭锁花（CL）花。环境因素和 microRNA (miRNA) 如何影响二态花的形成仍然未知。在本研究中，对V不同发育阶段的 CH 和 CL 花芽进行了小 RNA 测序。prionantha 中，鉴定了差异表达的 miRNA（DEmiRNA），并预测了它们的靶基因。在 CL 花中，堇菜 prionantha miR393 (vpr-miR393a/b) 和 vpr-miRN3366 高表达，而在 CH 花中，vpr-miRN2005、vpr-miR172e-2、vpr-miR166m-3、vpr-miR396f-2 和 vpr-miR396f-2 高度表达。 vpr-miR482d-2 高表达。在生长素激活的信号通路中，vpr-miR393a/b和vpr-miRN2005可以分别靶向Vpr - TIR1 / AFB和Vpr - ARF2，而其他DEmiRNA可以靶向参与转录调节的基因，例如Vpr - AP2- 7 .此外，花瓣和雄蕊发育的主要调控因子Vpr - UFO和Vpr - YAB5与Vpr - TIR1/AFB和Vpr - ARF2共表达，并且在CL花中的表达量低于CH花。一些V。​与应激/防御反应相关的prionantha基因与Vpr - TIR1 / AFB、Vpr - ARF2和Vpr - AP2-7共表达，并在CL花中高度表达。因此，在V中。prionantha ，CH-CL花的发育可能受到已鉴定的DEmiRNA及其靶基因的调节，从而首次深入了解堇菜二态花的形成。