Single phototherapy and immunotherapy have individually made great achievements in tumor treatment. However, monotherapy has difficulty in balancing accuracy and efficiency. Combining phototherapy with immunotherapy can realize the growth inhibition of distal metastatic tumors and enable the remote monitoring of tumor treatment. The development of nanomaterials with photo-responsiveness and anti-tumor immunity activation ability is crucial for achieving photo-immunotherapy. As immune adjuvants, photosensitizers and photothermal agents, manganese-based nanoparticles (Mn-based NPs) have become a research hotspot owing to their multiple ways of anti-tumor immunity regulation, photothermal conversion and multimodal imaging. However, systematic studies on the synergistic photo-immunotherapy applications of Mn-based NPs are still limited; especially, the green synthesis and mechanism of Mn-based NPs applied in immunotherapy are rarely comprehensively discussed. In this review, the synthesis strategies and function of Mn-based NPs in immunotherapy are first introduced. Next, the different mechanisms and leading applications of Mn-based NPs in immunotherapy are reviewed. In addition, the advantages of Mn-based NPs in synergistic photo-immunotherapy are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and research focus of Mn-based NPs in combination therapy are discussed, which might provide guidance for future personalized cancer therapy.

中文翻译：

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锰基纳米材料促进协同光免疫疗法：绿色合成、潜在机制和多种应用

单一光疗和免疫疗法在肿瘤治疗上各自取得了巨大的成就。然而，单一疗法很难平衡准确性和效率。光疗与免疫治疗相结合，可以实现远端转移肿瘤的生长抑制，并实现肿瘤治疗的远程监控。开发具有光响应性和抗肿瘤免疫激活能力的纳米材料对于实现光免疫治疗至关重要。作为免疫佐剂、光敏剂和光热剂，锰基纳米粒子（Mn-based NPs）因其抗肿瘤免疫调节、光热转换和多模态成像等多种方式而成为研究热点。然而，关于锰基纳米粒子协同光免疫治疗应用的系统研究仍然有限。尤其是锰基纳米粒子在免疫治疗中的绿色合成及其作用机制鲜有全面讨论。本文首先介绍了锰基纳米粒子在免疫治疗中的合成策略和功能。接下来，回顾了锰基纳米粒子在免疫治疗中的不同机制和主要应用。此外，强调了锰基纳米粒子在协同光免疫治疗中的优势。最后，讨论了锰基纳米粒子在联合治疗中面临的挑战和研究重点，这可能为未来的个性化癌症治疗提供指导。