Increasing investment in energy R&D (SDG 7.4) is critical to fostering the renewable energy transition (SDG 7.2) and in a way to meet the global climate target (SDG 13). Although public investments in renewable energy are increasing, they remain insufficient to meet the G7 countries' climate commitments. In the present study, renewable R&D investment (RRDI) is considered as an antecedent variable to determine its influence on the outcome variable renewable energy share (RES) when mediated by transition variables. The energy transition variables are categorized into Triple Bottom Line (TBL) factors namely, Economic factors (Fossil Energy Price, Low carbon trade), Social factors (Nationally determined contributions, Unemployment), and Environmental factors (Renewable energy installed Capacity, Environmental Tax, Fossil Fuel Subsidies), they play the role of the mediating variables. The proposed conceptual framework is supported by regulatory focus theory to promote R&D investment. The hypotheses are tested for G7 countries' annual data spanning the years 2000 to 2021 using SPSS mediation analysis with Process-Macro. The analysis reveals that TBL factors are significantly enhancing the RRDI and RES relationships in Germany, Japan, and the UK. The USA and Japan experience less economic impact from oil price fluctuations. The NDCs are mediating to a greater extent to improve the relationship between R&D and renewable energy in Canada, France, and the UK. The lack of significant mediation effects of economic, social, and environmental factors in the USA and Italy indicates that policies in the USA and Italy are not strategically managed to improve the relationship between RRDI and RES. Further, the study suggests designing policies considering TBL principles to increase their average renewable R&D public investments to attain Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7). The G7 energy transition has slowed down due to an imbalance in the policies to regulate the prevention-promotional aspects of the energy transition.

中文翻译：

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能源转型的前因后果研究——G7国家TBL方法的经验证据

增加能源研发投资（SDG 7.4）对于促进可再生能源转型（SDG 7.2）以及实现全球气候目标（SDG 13）至关重要。尽管对可再生能源的公共投资不断增加，但仍不足以履行七国集团国家的气候承诺。在本研究中，可再生能源研发投资（RRDI）被视为先行变量，以确定其在过渡变量介导下对结果变量可再生能源份额（RES）的影响。能源转型变量分为三重底线（TBL）因素，即经济因素（化石能源价格、低碳贸易）、社会因素（国家自主贡献、失业）和环境因素（可再生能源装机容量、环境税、化石燃料补贴），它们发挥了中介变量的作用。所提出的概念框架得到监管焦点理论的支持，以促进研发投资。使用 SPSS 中介分析和 Process-Macro 对 G7 国家 2000 年至 2021 年的年度数据检验了这些假设。分析表明，TBL 因素显着增强了德国、日本和英国的 RRDI 和 RES 关系。美国和日本受到石油价格波动的经济影响较小。国家数据中心正在更大程度地进行调解，以改善加拿大、法国和英国的研发与可再生能源之间的关系。美国和意大利经济、社会和环境因素缺乏显着的中介效应，这表明美国和意大利的政策没有战略性地管理以改善RRDI和RES之间的关系。此外，该研究建议设计考虑 TBL 原则的政策，以增加平均可再生能源研发公共投资，以实现可持续发展目标 7 (SDG7)。由于能源转型预防与促进方面的政策失衡，七国集团能源转型已经放缓。