Industrial activities have led to releasing harmful substances into the environment, necessitating the elimination of these toxic compounds from wastewater. Organic dyes, commonly found in industrial effluents, pose a threat to ecosystems and human health. Conventional treatment methods often suffer from limitations such as high cost and poor efficiency. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising materials for selective separation, including membrane filtration (MF). Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) combining MOFs with polymers offer improved filtration properties. In this study, MMMs were fabricated by incorporating synthesized In-MOF with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer (In-MOF@PVDF MMMs) using the nonsolvent-induced phase separation process. The MMMs were evaluated for the MF of various organic dyes, achieving notable removal efficiencies. The membrane containing 20% In-MOF (M₄) demonstrated exceptional performance, removing 99% of the methylene blue (MB) dye. Additionally, membrane M₄ effectively filtered Azure A (AZA), Azure B (AZB), and toluidine blue O (TOLO) with a removal efficiency of 99%. However, for Rhodamine B (RHB) and methyl orange (MO), the removal efficiencies were slightly lower at 74 and 39%, respectively. Further, these membranes are utilized in selective dye filtration in the MB⁺/RHB⁺ and MB⁺/MO^– systems, where the selectivity was found for MB. The isothermal and DFT studies revealed the membrane’s behavior with dye mixtures, while water stability and regeneration studies confirmed its durability. Thus, these findings highlight the potential of In-MOF@PVDF MMMs for effective and selective dye removal in wastewater treatment applications.

中文翻译：

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使用铟-MOF 固定聚偏二氟乙烯膜通过选择性过滤从废水中高效提取染料以加强修复

工业活动导致有害物质释放到环境中，因此需要从废水中消除这些有毒化合物。工业废水中常见的有机染料对生态系统和人类健康构成威胁。传统的治疗方法往往存在成本高、效率低等局限性。金属有机框架（MOF）已成为用于选择性分离（包括膜过滤（MF））的有前途的材料。将 MOF 与聚合物相结合的混合基质膜 (MMM) 可改善过滤性能。在本研究中，通过使用非溶剂诱导相分离工艺将合成的 In-MOF 与聚偏二氟乙烯 (PVDF) 聚合物 (In-MOF@PVDF MMM) 结合来制造 MMM。 MMM 对各种有机染料的 MF 进行了评估，取得了显着的去除效率。含有 20% In-MOF (M ₄ )的膜表现出卓越的性能，去除了 99% 的亚甲基蓝 (MB) 染料。此外，膜M ₄可以有效过滤Azure A (AZA)、Azure B (AZB) 和甲苯胺蓝O (TOLO)，去除效率高达99%。然而，对于罗丹明 B (RHB) 和甲基橙 (MO)，去除效率略低，分别为 74% 和 39%。此外，这些膜还用于 MB ⁺ /RHB ⁺和 MB ⁺ /MO ^–系统中的选择性染料过滤，其中发现了 MB 的选择性。等温和 DFT 研究揭示了膜在染料混合物中的行为，而水稳定性和再生研究则证实了其耐用性。因此，这些发现凸显了 In-MOF@PVDF MMM 在废水处理应用中有效和选择性去除染料的潜力。