The field of nanotechnology has developed rapidly in recent decades due to its broad applications in many industrial and biomedical fields. Notably, 2D materials such as graphene-related materials (GRMs) have been extensively explored and, as such, their safety needs to be assessed. However, GRMs tend to deposit quickly, present low stability in aqueous solutions, and adsorb to plastic materials. Consequently, traditional approaches based on static assays facilitate their deposition and adsorption and fail to recreate human physiological conditions. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology could, however, solve these drawbacks and lead to the development of microphysiological systems (MPSs) that mimic the microenvironment present in human tissues. In light of the above, in the present study a microfluidic system under flow conditions has been optimised to minimise graphene oxide (GO) and few-layer graphene (FLG) adsorption and deposition. For that purpose, a kidney-on-a-chip was developed and optimised to evaluate the effects of exposure to GO and FLG flakes at a sublethal dose under fluid flow conditions. In summary, MPSs are an innovative and precise tool for evaluating the effects of exposure to GRMs and other type of nanomaterials.

中文翻译：

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在流动条件下处理石墨烯相关材料的微生理系统

纳米技术领域由于其在许多工业和生物医学领域的广泛应用，近几十年来发展迅速。值得注意的是，石墨烯相关材料（GRM）等二维材料已被广泛探索，因此需要评估其安全性。然而，GRM 往往会快速沉积，在水溶液中稳定性较低，并且会吸附到塑料材料上。因此，基于静态测定的传统方法有利于它们的沉积和吸附，并且无法重现人体生理条件。然而，器官芯片（OOC）技术可以解决这些缺点，并促进模拟人体组织中存在的微环境的微生理系统（MPS）的发展。鉴于上述情况，在本研究中，对流动条件下的微流体系统进行了优化，以尽量减少氧化石墨烯（GO）和少层石墨烯（FLG）的吸附和沉积。为此，开发并优化了肾芯片，以评估在流体流动条件下暴露于亚致死剂量的 GO 和 FLG 薄片的影响。总之，MPS 是一种创新且精确的工具，用于评估接触 GRM 和其他类型纳米材料的影响。