Exosomes, as nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs), are secreted by all types of cells to facilitate intercellular communication in living organisms. After being taken up by neighboring or distant cells, exosomes can alter the expression levels of target genes in recipient cells and thereby affect their pathophysiological outcomes depending on payloads encapsulated therein. The functions and mechanisms of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have attracted much attention in recent years and are thought to have cardioprotective and regenerative potential. This review summarizes the biogenesis and molecular contents of exosomes and details the roles played by exosomes released from various cells in the progression and recovery of cardiovascular disease. The review also discusses the current status of traditional exosomes in cardiovascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, pointing out several limitations in their application. It emphasizes that some of the existing emerging industrial or bioengineering technologies are promising to compensate for these shortcomings, and the combined application of exosomes and biomaterials provides an opportunity for mutual enhancement of their performance. The integration of exosome-based cell-free diagnostic and therapeutic options will contribute to the further development of cardiovascular regenerative medicine.

中文翻译：

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基于外泌体的心血管疾病策略：机遇与挑战

外泌体是纳米级细胞外囊泡（EV），由所有类型的细胞分泌，以促进活生物体的细胞间通讯。外泌体被邻近或远处的细胞摄取后，可以改变受体细胞中靶基因的表达水平，从而根据封装在其中的有效负载影响其病理生理结果。外泌体在心血管疾病中的功能和机制近年来引起了广泛关注，被认为具有心脏保护和再生潜力。本综述总结了外泌体的生物发生和分子内容，并详细介绍了各种细胞释放的外泌体在心血管疾病的进展和恢复中所发挥的作用。该综述还讨论了传统外泌体在心血管组织工程和再生医学中的现状，指出了其应用中的一些局限性。它强调，一些现有的新兴工业或生物工程技术有望弥补这些缺陷，而外泌体和生物材料的联合应用为其性能的相互增强提供了机会。基于外泌体的无细胞诊断和治疗方案的整合将有助于心血管再生医学的进一步发展。