AimThis study aimed to reveal the unique microenvironment of peri‐implantitis through single‐cell analysis.Materials and MethodsHerein, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) of biopsies from patients with peri‐implantitis (PI) and compared the results with healthy individuals (H) and patients with periodontitis (PD).ResultsDecreased numbers of stromal cells and increased immune cells were found in the PI group, which implies a severe inflammatory infiltration. The fibroblasts were found to be heterogeneous and the specific pro‐inflammatory CXCL13+ sub‐cluster was more represented in the PI group, in contrast to the PD and H groups. Furthermore, more neutrophil infiltration was detected in the PI group than in the PD group, and cell–cell communication and ligand–receptor pairs revealed most neutrophils were recruited by CXCL13+ fibroblasts through CXCL8/CXCL6‐CXCR2/CXCR1. Notably, our study demonstrated that the unique microenvironment of the PI group promoted the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells into osteoclasts, which might explain the faster and more severe bone resorption in the progression of PI than PD.ConclusionsCollectively, this study suggests a unique immune microenvironment of PI, which may explain the differences between PI and PD in the clinic. These outcomes will aid in finding new specific and effective treatments for PI.

中文翻译：

---

单细胞分析揭示种植体周围炎独特的微环境

目的本研究旨在通过单细胞分析揭示种植体周围炎的独特微环境。 材料和方法在此，我们对种植体周围炎 (PI) 患者的活检组织进行单细胞 RNA 测序 (scRNA-seq)，并将结果与健康个体（H）和牙周炎患者（PD）。结果PI组基质细胞数量减少，免疫细胞增多，炎症浸润严重。发现成纤维细胞具有异质性，且特异性促炎性 CXCL13+与 PD 和 H 组相比，PI 组中的亚簇更具代表性。此外，PI 组比 PD 组检测到更多的中性粒细胞浸润，细胞间通讯和配体受体对显示大多数中性粒细胞是由 CXCL13 招募的+成纤维细胞通过CXCL8/CXCL6-CXCR2/CXCR1。值得注意的是，我们的研究表明，PI 组独特的微环境促进了单核细胞/巨噬细胞谱系细胞向破骨细胞的分化，这可能解释了 PI 比 PD 进展过程中骨吸收更快、更严重的原因。 PI的免疫微环境可能解释了临床上PI和PD的差异。这些结果将有助于寻找新的特异性有效的 PI 治疗方法。