Whole ecosystem-based approaches are becoming increasingly common in pest management within agricultural systems. These strategies consider all trophic levels and abiotic processes within an ecosystem, including interactions between different factors. This review outlines a whole ecosystem approach to the integrated pest management of pear psyllid (Cacopsylla pyri Linnaeus) within pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchards, focusing on potential disruptions as a result of climate change. Pear psyllid is estimated to cost the UK pear industry £5 million per annum and has a significant economic impact on pear production globally. Pesticide resistance is well documented in psyllids, leading to many growers to rely on biological control using natural enemies during the summer months. In addition, multiple insecticides commonly used in pear psyllid control have been withdrawn from the UK and Europe, emphasising the need for alternative control methods. There is growing concern that climate change could alter trophic interactions and phenological events within agroecosystems. For example, warmer temperatures could lead to earlier pear flowering and pest emergence, as well as faster insect development rates and altered activity levels. If climate change impacts pear psyllid differently to natural enemies, then trophic mismatches could occur, impacting pest populations. This review aims to evaluate current strategies used in C. pyri management, discuss trophic interactions within this agroecosystem and highlight potential changes in the top-down and bottom-up control of C. pyri as a result of climate change. This review provides a recommended approach to pear psyllid management, identifies evidence gaps and outlines areas of future research.

基于整个生态系统的方法在农业系统内的害虫管理中变得越来越普遍。这些策略考虑了生态系统内的所有营养水平和非生物过程，包括不同因素之间的相互作用。这篇综述概述了对梨园内梨木虱（Cacopsylla pri Linnaeus）进行综合害虫管理的整个生态系统方法，重点关注气候变化造成的潜在破坏。据估计，梨木虱每年给英国梨产业造成 500 万英镑的损失，并对全球梨生产产生重大经济影响。木虱对杀虫剂的抗药性已得到充分记录，导致许多种植者在夏季依赖使用天敌的生物防治。此外，英国和欧洲已从英国和欧洲撤回了多种常用于控制梨木虱的杀虫剂，这凸显了对替代控制方法的需求。人们越来越担心气候变化可能会改变农业生态系统内的营养相互作用和物候事件。例如，气温升高可能导致梨花提前开花和害虫出现，以及昆虫发育速度加快和活动水平改变。如果气候变化对梨木虱的影响与对天敌的影响不同，那么可能会发生营养不匹配，从而影响害虫种群。本综述旨在评估当前用于C.pyri管理的策略，讨论该农业生态系统内的营养相互作用，并强调气候变化导致C.pyri自上而下和自下而上控制的潜在变化。本综述提供了梨木虱管理的推荐方法，确定了证据差距并概述了未来的研究领域。