Chalcopyrite is the most important and abundant raw material for copper extraction in which hydrometallurgical leaching is more attractive. However, the leaching rate is limited, which is related to the properties of chalcopyrite and the passive film produced during leaching. Usually, the leaching of chalcopyrite is considered several electrochemical reactions whose redox processes, properties of passive film and substrate, mechanisms, and kinetics can be analysed by electrochemical characterizations (such as impedance plots (including Mott-Schottky curve and EIS plot), redox/open-circuit potential, potentiodynamic curves (including polarization curve and CV/LSV plot), and -/- curve) which are of easy manipulation, high efficiency, accuracy and credibility, and low cost and requirement. By initially introducing the properties of chalcopyrite and passive film, this paper reviews these recent electrochemical characterizations of chalcopyrite leaching and passivation, and the important electrochemical phenomenon-galvanic effect. The mechanisms of enhanced leaching, including manipulating lattice composition and structure, destroying p-n junction, regulating/attacking/hydrophilizing film, strengthening synergies, activating species/promoting diffusion, stabilizing cupric species by coordination, as well as improving adsorption, solid–liquid/intergranular electron transfer and galvanic effect, are also circumstantially discussed. To obtain more information about leaching and passivation, the joint use of several electrochemical characterizations is encouraged because of their different (dis)advantages. Finally, the prospect of chalcopyrite slurry electrolysis which integrates electrochemical leaching, ions purification and electrodeposition these three steps is envisaged.

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黄铜矿浸出和钝化的电化学特性和电偶效应综述

黄铜矿是最重要、最丰富的铜提取原料，其中湿法冶金浸出更具吸引力。但浸出率有限，这与黄铜矿的性质以及浸出时产生的钝化膜有关。通常，黄铜矿的浸出被认为是几个电化学反应，其氧化还原过程、钝化膜和基材的性质、机理和动力学可以通过电化学表征（如阻抗图（包括莫特-肖特基曲线和EIS图）、氧化还原/开路电位、动电位曲线（包括极化曲线和CV/LSV图）、-/-曲线）操作方便，效率高、准确可靠、成本低、要求低。本文首先介绍了黄铜矿和钝化膜的性质，综述了近年来黄铜矿浸出和钝化的电化学表征，以及重要的电化学现象——原电池效应。强化浸出的机制包括操纵晶格组成和结构、破坏pn结、调节/攻击/亲水化膜、加强协同作用、活化物种/促进扩散、通过配位稳定铜物种、以及改善吸附、固液/粒间电子转移和原电池效应也进行了详细讨论。为了获得有关浸出和钝化的更多信息，鼓励联合使用几种电化学表征，因为它们具有不同的（缺点）优点。最后对集电化学浸出、离子纯化和电沉积三步为一体的黄铜矿浆液电解技术进行了展望。