Previous studies have suggested that living close to green spaces has protective health effects, but potential effects on asthma are contradictory. We investigated the association between the amount of greenness in the residential area during pregnancy and early life and development of asthma in the first 27 years of life. The study population included all 2568 members of the Espoo Cohort Study, Finland. We calculated individual-level exposure to green space measured as cumulative Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (cumNDVI in unit-months) within 300 m of the participant's residence during pregnancy and the first two years of life in both spring and summer seasons. The onset of asthma was assessed using information from the baseline and follow-up surveys. Exposure to residential greenness in the spring season during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of asthma up to 6 years of age, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 3.72 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 12.47) per 1 unit increase in cumNDVI. Increased greenness in the summer during pregnancy associated with asthma up to 6 years, with an aHR of 1.41 (95% CI: 0.85, 2.32). The effect was found to be related to increased greenness particularly during the third trimester of pregnancy, with an aHR of 2.37 (95% CI: 1.36, 4.14) per 1 unit increase of cumNDVI. These associations were weaker at the ages of 12 and 27 years. No association was found between NDVI in the first two years of life and the development of asthma. Our findings provide novel evidence that exposure to greenness during pregnancy increases the risk of developing asthma. The adverse effects were strongest for the prenatal greenness in the spring season and in the third trimester of pregnancy. Both the season and trimester of exposure to greenness are critical in the development of asthma.

中文翻译：

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怀孕期间和生命早期以及 27 岁以下哮喘发展期间的住宅绿色：埃斯波队列研究


先前的研究表明，居住在绿色空间附近具有保护健康的作用，但对哮喘的潜在影响是矛盾的。我们调查了怀孕期间和生命早期居住区的绿化程度与生命最初 27 年内患哮喘之间的关系。研究人群包括芬兰埃斯波队列研究的全部 2568 名成员。我们计算了个体水平的绿色空间暴露量，以累积归一化植被指数（cumNDVI，以单位月为单位）计算，在参与者怀孕期间以及生命的头两年（春季和夏季）居住地 300 m 范围内。使用基线和后续调查的信息评估哮喘的发作。怀孕期间春季暴露于住宅绿色环境与 6 岁以下哮喘风险增加相关，调整后风险比 (aHR) 为 3.72（95% 置信区间 (CI)：1.11, 12.47）每 1 cumNDVI 单位增加。怀孕期间夏季绿化增加与哮喘相关长达 6 年，aHR 为 1.41（95% CI：0.85，2.32）。研究发现，这种效应与绿度增加有关，尤其是在妊娠晚期，cumNDVI 每增加 1 个单位，aHR 为 2.37（95% CI：1.36，4.14）。这些关联在 12 岁和 27 岁时较弱。没有发现生命头两年的 NDVI 与哮喘的发生之间存在关联。我们的研究结果提供了新的证据，证明怀孕期间接触绿色会增加患哮喘的风险。春季和妊娠晚期对产前绿色的不利影响最强。 接触绿色的季节和三个月对于哮喘的发生至关重要。