Volcanoes produce a variety of seismic signals and, therefore, continuous seismograms provide crucial information for monitoring the state of a volcano. According to their source mechanism and signal properties, seismo-volcanic signals can be categorized into distinct classes, which works particularly well for short transients. Applying classification approaches to long-duration continuous signals containing volcanic tremors, characterized by varying signal characteristics, proves challenging due to the complex nature of these signals. That makes it difficult to attribute them to a single volcanic process and questions the feasibility of classification. In the present study, we consider the whole seismic time series as valuable information about the plumbing system (the combination of plumbing structure and activity distribution). The considered data are year-long seismograms recorded at individual stations near the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group (Kamchatka, Russia). With a scattering network and a Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), we transform the continuous data into a two-dimensional representation (a seismogram atlas), which helps us to identify sudden and continuous changes in the signal properties. We observe an ever-changing seismic wavefield that we relate to a continuously evolving plumbing system. Through additional data, we can relate signal variations to various state changes of the volcano including transitions from deep to shallow activity, deep reactivation, weak signals during quiet times, and eruptive activity. The atlases serve as a visual tool for analyzing extensive seismic time series, allowing us to associate specific atlas areas, indicative of similar signal characteristics, with distinct volcanic activities and variations in the volcanic plumbing system.

中文翻译：

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地震图的机器学习分析揭示了俄罗斯堪察加半岛克柳切夫斯科伊火山下方管道系统的持续演变

火山产生各种地震信号，因此，连续地震图为监测火山状态提供了重要信息。根据其震源机制和信号特性，地震火山信号可以分为不同的类别，这对于短瞬态尤其有效。由于这些信号的复杂性，将分类方法应用于包含火山震动（其信号特征不同）的长时间连续信号具有挑战性。这使得很难将它们归因于单一的火山过程，并对分类的可行性提出质疑。在本研究中，我们将整个地震时间序列视为有关管道系统（管道结构和活动分布的组合）的有价值的信息。所考虑的数据是克柳切夫火山群（俄罗斯堪察加半岛）附近各个站点记录的全年地震图。通过散射网络和统一流形逼近和投影（UMAP），我们将连续数据转换为二维表示（地震图图集），这有助于我们识别信号属性的突然和连续变化。我们观察到不断变化的地震波场，该波场与不断发展的管道系统相关。通过额外的数据，我们可以将信号变化与火山的各种状态变化联系起来，包括从深层到浅层活动的转变、深层重新激活、安静时期的微弱信号以及喷发活动。这些地图集作为分析广泛地震时间序列的可视化工具，使我们能够将指示相似信号特征的特定地图集区域与独特的火山活动和火山管道系统的变化联系起来。