Academic AbstractThe present article discusses victimization, perpetration, and denial in mass atrocities, using four recent case studies from Southeast Asia. The four cases include Indonesia (in which hundreds of thousands died in anti-Communist violence), Cambodia (in which the Khmer Rouge killed more than one million civilians), East Timor (in which more than one hundred thousand civilians died during the Indonesian occupation), and Myanmar (in which the state/army is accused of genocide toward the Rohingyas). Our aim is to bring a psychological lens to these histories, with a focus on three processes relevant to genocide. We examine, first, how the victims were targeted; second, how the perpetrators were mobilized; and third, the denial, justification, meaning-making, and commemoration of the atrocities. We propose a novel theoretical model, TOPASC: A Theory of the Psychology of Atrocities in Societal Contexts, highlighting the psychology of atrocities as involving factors across the macro, meso, and micro contexts.Public AbstractWe introduce a new model, “TOPASC: A Theory of the Psychology of Atrocities in Societal Contexts,” to explain why people justify mass killings and why certain group members are consistently targeted. In our model, we explore how mass atrocities against specific groups are influenced by psychological dynamics in intergroup situations which, in turn, are shaped by socio-historical contexts and individual psychologies. To illustrate these ideas, we analyze four cases of mass atrocities in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Cambodia, East Timor, and Myanmar. These cases highlight how different social groups, characterized by diverse ideologies, ethnicities, genders, or religions, exhibit varying vulnerabilities as perpetrators or victims based on their social and power status. Mass atrocities are not sudden occurrences but rather result from a series of complex processes and events.

中文翻译：

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大规模暴行中的受害、实施和否认的理论模型：印度尼西亚、柬埔寨、东帝汶和缅甸的案例研究

学术摘要本文利用最近来自东南亚的四个案例研究，讨论了大规模暴行中的受害、实施和否认。这四个案例包括印度尼西亚（数十万人死于反共暴力）、柬埔寨（红色高棉杀害超过百万平民）、东帝汶（印度尼西亚占领期间超过十万平民死亡） ）和缅甸（国家/军队被指控对罗兴亚人进行种族灭绝）。我们的目标是从心理学角度审视这些历史，重点关注与种族灭绝相关的三个过程。我们首先检查受害者是如何成为目标的；第二，肇事者是如何动员的；第三，对暴行的否认、辩护、赋予意义和纪念。我们提出了一个新的理论模型，TOPASC：社会背景下的暴行心理学理论，强调暴行的心理学涉及宏观、中观和微观背景下的因素。公共摘要我们引入了一个新的模型，“TOPASC：一种理论”社会背景下的暴行心理学》解释了为什么人们为大规模杀戮辩护以及为什么某些群体成员始终成为攻击目标。在我们的模型中，我们探讨了针对特定群体的大规模暴行如何受到群体间情境中心理动态的影响，而群体间情境又受到社会历史背景和个人心理的影响。为了说明这些想法，我们分析了东南亚的四个大规模暴行案例：印度尼西亚、柬埔寨、东帝汶和缅甸。这些案例突显了具有不同意识形态、种族、性别或宗教特征的不同社会群体如何根据其社会和权力地位，表现出作为犯罪者或受害者的不同脆弱性。大规模暴行不是突然发生的，而是一系列复杂过程和事件的结果。