This work developed a composite of the conducting polymer polyaniline (PAni) with lead that has a high onset potential for hydrogen evolution in a high-concentration acid solution. The aim was to avoid hydrogen evolution from a carbon fiber current collector, considering its application in lead-acid batteries. In a 5 M H₂SO₄ solution, the onset potential was as high as −0.75 V vs Ag/AgCl. The study revealed that the Pb²⁺ ions strongly interact with the nitrogen present in the PAni structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy gave an insight into how the interaction between lead ions and the nitrogen takes place, which is described schematically. This composite is stable and keeps the high onset potential, while Pb²⁺ is associated with nitrogen, as evaluated in various potentials through chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry conditions. The Pb²⁺ desorbs for potentials higher than −0.65 V vs Ag/AgCl and degrades the composite onset potential. The desorption was reversible as long as the PbSO₄ particles formed were nanometric and immersed in the PAni. Desorption for long periods forms large PbSO₄ particles; consequently, the reduction of these particles becomes difficult. Without Pb²⁺ ions, it is not possible to restore the interaction between Pb²⁺ and PAni. Besides XPS and Raman spectroscopy, the material characterization was performed by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical characterization involved cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, and chronoamperometry.

中文翻译：

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聚苯胺-铅复合材料作为析氢反应抑制剂，与铅酸电池相关

这项工作开发了一种导电聚合物聚苯胺（PAni）与铅的复合材料，在高浓度酸性溶液中具有高析氢起始电位。考虑到碳纤维集电器在铅酸电池中的应用，其目的是避免碳纤维集电器析出氢气。在 5 MH ₂ SO ₄溶液中，相对于 Ag/AgCl 的起始电位高达 -0.75 V。研究表明，Pb ²⁺离子与 PAni 结构中存在的氮发生强烈相互作用。 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 和拉曼光谱深入了解了铅离子和氮之间的相互作用如何发生，并进行了示意性描述。该复合材料是稳定的并保持高起始电位，而 Pb ²⁺与氮相关，通过计时电流法和循环伏安法条件在各种电位下进行评估。当电位高于-0.65 V vs Ag/AgCl 时，Pb ²⁺解吸并降低复合起始电位。只要形成的PbSO ₄颗粒是纳米级的并且浸没在PAni中，解吸就是可逆的。长时间解吸形成大的PbSO ₄颗粒；因此，减少这些颗粒变得困难。如果没有Pb ²⁺离子，就不可能恢复Pb ²⁺和PAni 之间的相互作用。除了 XPS 和拉曼光谱之外，材料表征还通过场发射枪扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱进行。电化学表征涉及循环伏安法、线性扫描伏安法、恒电流充放电循环和计时电流法。