Cognitive reappraisal is fundamental to cognitive therapies and everyday emotion regulation. Analyses using Bayes factors and an axiomatic systems identification approach identified four reappraisal-related components encompassing distributed neural activity patterns across two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (n = 182 and n = 176): (1) an anterior prefrontal system selectively involved in cognitive reappraisal; (2) a fronto-parietal-insular system engaged by both reappraisal and emotion generation, demonstrating a general role in appraisal; (3) a largely subcortical system activated during negative emotion generation but unaffected by reappraisal, including amygdala, hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray; and (4) a posterior cortical system of negative emotion-related regions downregulated by reappraisal. These systems covaried with individual differences in reappraisal success and were differentially related to neurotransmitter binding maps, implicating cannabinoid and serotonin systems in reappraisal. These findings challenge ‘limbic’-centric models of reappraisal and provide new systems-level targets for assessing and enhancing emotion regulation.

认知重新评估是认知治疗和日常情绪调节的基础。使用贝叶斯因子和公理系统识别方法进行的分析确定了四个与重新评估相关的组件，涵盖两项独立的功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 研究（n  = 182 和n  = 176）中的分布式神经活动模式：(1) 选择性的前额叶系统参与认知重新评估； （2）额顶岛岛系统参与重新评估和情绪生成，展示了评估中的一般作用； （3）在负面情绪产生期间激活但不受重新评估影响的皮质下系统，包括杏仁核、下丘脑和导水管周围灰质； (4) 后皮质系统的负性情绪相关区域因重新评估而下调。这些系统与重新评估成功的个体差异相关，并且与神经递质结合图谱存在差异相关，这表明大麻素和血清素系统与重新评估有关。这些发现挑战了以“边缘”为中心的重新评估模型，并为评估和增强情绪调节提供了新的系统级目标。