Engineered bacteria are increasingly recognized as sustained and intelligent sources for sensing and therapeutics due to their unique capabilities such as in situ multiplication, tissue targeting, and genetic editability. However, the clinical applications of these living agents are hindered by the ineffective immunoisolation, residency, and removal against the complex and dynamic in vivo environment. Existing approaches focus on surface decoration and encapsulation of engineered bacteria, or “microencapsulation,” but there are limits to what can be achieved with modifications of bacteria themselves. An emerging strategy combines millimeter- to centimeter-scale engineered devices and systems with bacteria, or “macroencapsulation,” offering unique advantages such as extending the in vivo lifetime and engraftment of bacteria, enhancing immunoisolation, and enabling real-time signal readouts via wireless electronic technologies. In this review, the design rationales for macroencapsulated bacteria toward in vivo applications are discussed, and examples in bacterial devices for transdermal and oral applications are highlighted. Since the gastrointestinal tract represents a major site for engineered bacteria, we also summarize and compare various strategies for synthetic engraftment of orally administered encapsulated bacteria.

工程细菌因其独特的功能（如原位增殖、组织靶向和基因编辑性）而越来越被认为是传感和治疗的持续智能来源。然而，这些活体制剂的临床应用由于对复杂动态的体内环境无效的免疫隔离、驻留和去除而受到阻碍。现有的方法侧重于工程细菌的表面装饰和封装，或“微封装”，但通过细菌本身的修饰可以实现的效果有限。一种新兴策略将毫米至厘米级工程设备和系统与细菌或“宏观封装”相结合，提供独特的优势，例如延长细菌的体内寿命和定植、增强免疫隔离以及通过无线电子设备实现实时信号读出技术。在这篇综述中，讨论了大包膜细菌在体内应用的设计原理，并重点介绍了用于透皮和口服应用的细菌装置的示例。由于胃肠道是工程细菌的主要场所，我们还总结和比较了口服胶囊化细菌的合成植入的各种策略。